
ciass_s::Bj2_i5 

RonkX ? ^7 
Copyright ]^? 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



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I 











I 



Reproduction ot a Lychee Painting Attributed to 

the Sung Emperor, Hui Tsung, and Entitled 

The Ch'en Purple Lychee Embroidered Fragrant Ba^ 

Permission of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. 



< 




The Lychee and Lungan 



BY 

GEORGE WEIDMAN GROFF 



ii 



Representative, The Pennsylvania State College Mission to China, 

Professor of Horticulture and Director of Agricultural 

Work, Canton Christian College 



WITH ELEVEN APPENDICES, INCLUDING CONTRIBUTIONS BY 

FREDERICK V. COVILLE, WALTER T. SWINGLE, EDWARD GOUCHER, AND MICHAEL J. HAGERTY 

ALL OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT 

OF AGRICULTURE 



Sixty-eight Illustrations and One Color Plate 




NEW YORK 

Orange Judd Company 

Canton Christian College 

LONDON 

Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Limited 

CANTON, CHINA 

Canton Christian College 

I921 



s-^ 



-3^^ 



u^ 



Get 



Copyright, 1921, by 
CANTON CHRISTIAN COLLEGE 

All Righls Reserved 



OCT 121921 



i-jA 



Printed in China and U.S.A. 









Oj 



TO 

T©alter C ^^toingle 

AND HIS WIFE 

jDlSaube feellcrman .^^luingle 

WHOSE KNOWLEDGE OF CHINa's PLANTS AND LITERATURE 

AND DEEP INTEREST IN CHINA 

HAVE BEEN A CONSTANT INSPIRATION AND HELP 

IN THIS STUDY 



PREFACE 



Most occidentals resident in South China have joined the 
Chinese in their zealous enthusiasm for the lychee. It has been the 
writer's privilege to have lived for twelve years in the very heart of 
one of the two famous lychee producing regions of China. Shortly 
after arrival upon the South China field, as representative of the 
Pennsylvania State College Horticultural Mission at the Canton 
Christian College, I was asked to make a thorough study of the 
lychee and lungan in their native region. The present work is the 
result of these investigations. 

The western horticulturist should naturally find in this work 
something of interest with regard to fruits of a family with which he 
has doubtless had little acquaintance. Interesting theories and 
practices of Chinese fruit growers should be of some value to fruit 
growers of the West. And to those interested in the introduction of 
the lychee and lungan into other lands these investigations should 
lead to a more adequate understanding of the peculiar characteristics 
of these fruits, without which there is little hope of successful culture. 

It is hoped that this work will be of interest not only to 
horticulturists but also to those of East and West who are interested 
in the past, present and future of China. The historical setting of 
the lychee and lungan as revealed in Chinese literary works should be 
of some value to students of Chinese literature and Chinese history. 
An acquaintance with these works should arouse the western world 
to a realization of the importance of Chinese literature as a possible 
source of knowledge for present-day progress in scientific develop- 
ment. To the student of geography and world affairs, South China, 
and its industrious, self-sacrificing people, should occupy a more 
prominent position because of knowledge with regard to this people 
in this one special phase of their endeavor; and because of the interest 
of South China's widely travelled emigrants in carrying the gospel of 
their favorite fruit to the ends of the earth. 



THE LYCHKE AND LUNGAN 



The writer desires to express his appreciation for valuable 
assistance in the Held to his many Chinese students and friends, with- 
out whose help the work would have been very difficult. To the 
many Chinese orchardists whom 1 have interviewed and to the 
Chinese nurserymen in whose homes I have been entertained a wish 
is expressed that Chinese investijrators and students may have as 
cordial treatment in the hands of the western public. To Dr. David 
Fairchild and his staff in the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant In- 
troduction of the United States Department of Agriculture the writer 
is indebted for access to information whereby he could better under- 
stand the real problems involved in the introduction of these fruits 
into the United States; especially to the late Mr. S. C. Stuntz for his 
valuable suggestions and corrections in the preparation of the original 
manuscript. Special obligation is expressed to Dr. and Airs. Walter 
T. Swingle for encouragement and their untiring efforts to assist in a 
thorough study of the European and Chinese literature and in a more 
complete understanding of some of the vital phases of the work. Dr. 
Swingle made many valuable suggestions with regard to the possibili- 
ties in the use of other species of the " lychee group " for hybridizing 
and stock. Thanks is due Dr. S. W. Fletcher, Professor of 
Horticulture at the Pennsylvania State College for encouragement in 
the study and for reading the original manuscipt; and to Prof. I. L. 
Foster, Professor of Romance Languages, for translation of some of 
the European literature. In the study of the Chinese literature the 
writer is indebted for the assistance of one of his old students, Mr. 
Li Ch'eng Lan (Li Ch'ing Lan, ^ rl iD and to Mr. Kuo Hua 
Ssin ( Kwok Wa Sau #P -^ ^ ) for assistance in checking investigations. 
To Mr. Michael J. Hagerty of the Office of Crop Physiology of the 
United States Department of Agriculture acknowledgement is due for 
a translation of Ts'ai Hsiang's Li ('Jiih P'n; and to Mr. Ho PTung 
P'ing (fpj fel ■¥•) of the Canton Christian College for a translation of 
Wu Ying k'uei's Ling Xau Li Chih P'n. 

In 1917 it was an agreeable surprise to return from China to 
the United States and to hnd in the Library of Congress at Washing- 
ton an excellent collection of Chinese works, with a system of 
classification facilitating ready reference. It is no exaggeration to say 
that this work, in its present form, would not have been possible 
without reference to these valuable works whereby the writer has 
been able to check original investigations in liis own region and to 

( M 



PRE FACT- 



secure valuable information re^ardinp: the culture of these fruits iii 
other sections of China and Indo China. The laroe collection of 
Chinese provincial, prefectural and district (gazetteers found in the 
Library of Coni>:ress has led to a source of information of extreme 
\'alue. A careful study of the Chinese writings on the lychee, in- 
cluding; chese geographical works, has resulted in a stronij conviction 
that a knowledije of Chinese literature is not only essential in any 
study of the varieties, culture and uses of cultivated plants in China, 
but that such knowledt^e is of the oreatest value in any attempt ro 
introduce these plants into successful culture in the West. The 
enthusiasm for Chinese literature shown by men like Dr. Walter T. 
Swintjle should in the years to come awaken the western world to the 
treasures stored within its paoes. Dr. Swini^le's inspiration and Dr. 
Herbert Putnam's hearty co-operation has brought the Chinese 
collection in the Library of Congress to its present good condition 
and I bcilieve this is destined to become the very best collection out-, 
side of China itself. 

It is not always easy to be consistent in the ronianization of 
Chinese names. But except where indicated by the phrase "in 
Cantonese"', or otherwise, the spelling followed is always the 
Mandarin according to Herbert A. Giles Chinese-English Dictionary; 
except in the names of places with post offices, when the Postal 
Guide, issued by the Ministry of Commimications of China, is 
followed. As the Mandarin romanization-of the names of" 'K wan g- 
tung men, places and fruits is hardly intelligible to those working in 
ihe Canton district, the Cantonese ronianization according to the 
Eitel-Geniihr Chinese-English Dictionary .in the Cantonerse Dialect 
has in many cases been placed in parenthesis with the Chinese 
characters. 

In conclusion the writer wishes to express his gratitude to 
Mr. Kenneth Duncan of the Canton Christian College for valuable 
suggestions- in the preparation of the manuscript for the press and for 
his willingness to supervise the publication of the work in the writer's 
absence. 

G. VVmdmAN (jRCFF 

Ling Nam, Cancon, China, 



r A B J . K OF C O X T E N T S 

Page: 

Preface , = 1 

I, Introduction ..o ......... ^ 

II. Origin of the Names Lychee (^ft) and Lungan (|^K) 

and English Spelling and Romanization. . 1? 

IlL Chinese Literature on the Lychee. . . U 

IV European and American Literature on the Lychee and 

Lungan 22 

V. Botany of Four Important Sapindaceous Fruits 32 

VI. The South China Region, the Home of the Lychee 

and Lungan . . . . , .... 44 

VI L Some Important Ling Niin Centers. ............... 47 

VI IL The Climate Best Adapted to the Lychee and Lungan 5^^ 
IX Soils Adapted to the Lychee and Lungan and Cultural 

Methods ..... .... ..... 5G 

X. Methods of Propagation . 6^ 

XI. The Lychee and Lungan in Commerce 71 

XII. Enemies 82 

XIlL Varieties of the Lychee 87 

XIV. The Lungan... 103 

XV. The Introduction of the Lychee and Lungan into 

Other Lands Ill 

X\'I. Summary 116 

Appendice."^ 
I. Bibliography of Chinese References on the Lychee and 

the Lungan 11? 

II. Bibliography of Western References on the Lychee. . . 127 

III. Canton Weather Table. 141 

IV Present-Day Varieties of Kwangtung Ljchee ai;d 

Lungan .... 143 

V. .Analyses of Lychee and Lniiiran Fruits . . , . . 14^,* 



Page 

VI. The Lychee a Mycorhizal Plant. Frederick V. 

CoviLLE 151 

VII. Lack of Winter Dormancy and the Low Zero Point of 
Growth of the Lychee Limiting Factors in Its 

Culture in Florida. Walter T. Swingle 153 

VIII. Rooting Lychee Cuttings by Means of a High Tem- 
perature and High Humidity Process. Edward 

GoucHER 157 

IX. Sung Chio's Account of the Organization of a Lychee 
Club at P'ut'ien, Fukien Province, during the 
Ming Dynasty. Translated by Michael J. 

Hagerty, assisted by Ch'en Ts'ing-hua 160 

X. Detailed Description of Illustrations 164 

XL Supplementary Notes 171 

PosTFACE 173 

Errata 175 

Index 176 



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Fig. 


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XX. 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Facing Page 

or Plate 
Reproduction of a Lychee Painting Attributed to the Sung 
Emperor, Hui Tsung, and entitled "The Ch'en Purple 
Lychee Embroidered Fragrant Bag." (One-third 

natural size.) Back of Frontispiece 

A Kwangtung Lychee Landscape Frontispiece 

Reproduction of Ancient Rubbing of Ts'ai Hsiang's "Li 

ChihP'u." (Two-fifths natural size.) 16 

Reproduction of a Copy of Ts'ai Hsiang's "Li Chih P'u" 

Written on Silk. (About two-fifths natural size.) ... 16 
Reproduction of a Page of Ts'ai Hsiang's "Li Chih P'u" in 
the Tsung Li Yaman Reprint of the Chinese Imperial 

Encyclopedia. (Two-thirds natural size.) 17 

Herbarium Specimen of Litchi philippinensis Radlk. (One- 
half natural size.) 34 

Herbarium Specimen of Euphoria cinerea RadLk. (One-half 

natural size.) 34 

Root System of a Mature Lychee Tree 35 

A Flower Panicle of the Lychee 35 

Rice Field with Lychee Trees along Inner and Outer Dykes . 44 

Limb of Lychee Tree over Lotus Pond 44 

Cantonese Women Harvesting Sagittaria in Muddy Field 

Bordered with Lychee Plate IX 

Fish-Ponds along the Pearl River Bordered with Lychee . Plate IX 
Lychee Trees along Walled Dykes of Pearl River . . Plate VIII 
Lychee Trees Withstand the Pearl River in Flood. .Plate VIII 

Attractive Walk along Lychee Dykes 45 

Lychee and Plum Planted across Dyked Fields 45 

Canton Christian College Students Picking Lychee along 

the Dykes 46 

Crop Watcher and His Thatched Hut along the Dykes . . 46 
Baskets of Ling Nan Lychee Ready for Market . . Plate XIII 

Fruiting Clusters of Ling Nan Lychee Plate XIII 

Canton Christian College Middle School Students in Lychee 

Practicum Plate XII 

A Heavily Fruiting Limb of Lychee 47 

The Lychee, a Heavy Bearer 47 

The Lychee Protected from Bats by Wire Netting .... 50 
Terraced Hillsides of Lo Kang Planted to Lychee and 

Canarium 50 

Stockade Surroimding Famous Kua lu — Hanging-green — 

Lychee 51 

Bamboo Fence and Net Proyide the Kua lu — Hanging- 
green — Lychee with Additional Protection 51 

Upland Plantations of Lychee at Hsin T'ang Not Unlike 

Apple Orchards 52 

Fang Yung Lychee Nurseries with Mango Windbreak ... 53 
Fang Yung Lychee Orchard of Named Varieties for Propa- 
gation 53 

Pair of Ta tsao — Large crop — ^Lychee Trees 58 

Fang Yung Nurseryman Seated under Hsi chio tsu — Rhino- 
ceros horn — Lychee Tree 58 

An Acid Peaty Soil Better for the Lychee than an Ordinary 

Fertile Soil Plate XXI 



" Plate 


Fig. 


XXI. 




XXII. 




XXIII. 




XXIV. 
XXIV. 


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31- 


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XXVI. 

XXVI. 

XXVII. 


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XXVII. 
XXVIII. 
XXVIII. 

XXIX. 


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37- 
38. 
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XXIX. 
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XXXI. 

XXXII. 
XXXII. 


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Facing Page 
or Plate 
Healthy Lychee Root Showing the Mycorhizal Tuber- 
cles Plate XX 

Enlarged Sections of Lychee Root Tubercles Showing the 

Cells Gorged with the Mycorhizal Fungus . . . Plate XXIII 
Mycorhizal Fungi in the Cells of Lychee Root Tuber- 
cles Plate XXII 

Raised-bed Lychee Plantation Showing Water-channel. . . 59 
Low-lying Delta Lychee Plantations Showing Well-con- 
structed Bridge across Canal 59 

Fertilizing Dyke Lychee with Night Soil 60 

Beds of Lychee with Holes for Night Soil Fertilizer. ... 61 
Unloading a Night Soil Boat for Fertilizing Lychee ... . 61 
Unloading Lychee from District Passage Boats in Canton 

City 64 

Nurserj' Beds of Chinese Air-layered Lychee Trees ... . 64 
Raising Lychee Nursery Stock with Ball of Earth Attached . 65 

Boat Load of Lychee Nursery Stock 65 

Potted Lychee in the Famous Hua Ti Gardens, Canton, 

China 66 

Potted Lychee as Ornamentals 66 

Cluster of No mi ts'z — Glutinous rice— Lychee. (One-half 

natural size.) 67 

Cluster of Hsiang li — Fragrant — Lychee. (One-third 

natural size.) 67 

Serious Insect Enemy of the Lychee, Tessoratoma papulosa. 82 
Killing Lychee Tree Borers with "Hisser" Firecrackers . . 83 
Trunk of Lychee Tree Covered with Lichens and Track of 

Borer 83 

Natural Size and Natural Color Reproduction of the No mi 

ts'z — Glutinous rice — Lychee 92 

Original Parent Tree of Hsi chio tsu — Rhinoceros horn — 

Variety 94 

An Immense Lychee — Rhinoceros horn — Tree with Trimk 

Twelve Feet in Circumference 94 

Hei yeh — Black leaf — Lychee. (One-half natural size.) . . 95 
Fei tsu hsiao — Imperial concubine laugh. (One-half natural 

size.) 95 

Ch'u ma tsu — China grass fiber — Lychee. (One-half natural 

size.) 96 

The Huai chih Lychee Labeled Hei yeh — Black leaf. 

(Three-fourths natural size.) 96 

The San yueh hung — Third month red — Lychee. (Two- 
thirds natural size.) 97 

Large Seeded Shan chih — Mountain Lychee — Used for Stock 

for Grafting 97 

Chuang yuan hung — Royal red — Lychee. (Two-thirds 

natural size.) 102 

The Yau yen Lungan as a Temple Tree 103 

The Rounded Head of a Fruiting Lungan Tree 103 

Wu yuan — Black ball — Lungan Seedling Fourteen Months 

Old no 

A Fruiting Cluster of Wu yuan — Black ball — Lungan. 

(Two-fifths natural size.) in 

The She p'i — Snake Skin— Lungan. (Two-thirds natural 

size.) HI 



THE LYCHEE (,^^) AND LUNGAN {mm) 



CHAPTER I 

INTRODUCTION 

Few world centers are so conspicuously characterized by two 
distinct and native fruits as is South China by the lychee and the lung- 
an. He who in the West has had a Chinese numbered among his 
friends or acquaintances has doubtless seen the lychee in its dried 
form. This so-called " Chinese" or "lychee nut" has for years been 
the favorite Christmas or New Year gift of Chinese living abroad. 
As a result of their generosity it is to-day one of the most popular 
Chinese agricultural products on the Western markets and is of increas- 
ing commercial importance. The lungan is even more rarely met 
in the West than is the lychee. But he who has lived or visited in 
South China in the summer season will never forget the curious little 
"dragon-eye" which follows on the markets immediately after the 
lychee and which is quickly recognized as the little brother of this 
fascinating fruit. 

The lychee CM^) , Lilciii dtiiitnsis Sonn. , indigenous to South 
China and cultivated e.xtensively only in that region, is marketed and 
relished throughout the length and breadth of the Chinese Republic. 
It is famous throughout Asia where it is preserved in various forms 
and is used in a variety of fancy dishes. The dried form is commonlj' 
served on the tables of Pacific steamships, and in Europe and America 
it appears in Chinese restaurants and in the homes of connoisseurs. 

The lungan (bI9&) Euphoria lotigana Lam., is similarly dried 
and used by the Chinese but to a more limited extent than is the 
lychee. In medicine, however, it has a wider use than has the 
lychee. In recent years both of these fruits have appeared in canned 
form, preserved in sugared syrup. The labels on the tin cans are 
printed in both Chinese and English and are very similar to those of 
western fruits now rapidly making inroads on Chinese markets. In 
both the canned and dried forms the lychee and lungan are delicious 
products; but they cannot be fully appreciated evcepl when eaten 
freshly picked from their attractive evergreen trees. 

s 



THE LVCHEE AM) LUNGAN 



It is a surprising fact tiiat amon^ the \ aried fruits of the Western 
Hemisphere one does not find a single species belonging to the sub- 
family Nephduac of the family Sapindaccae to which these fruits 
belong. For centuries this group has provided the thickly populated 
regions of southern Asia and the East Indies with several of their most 
delicious and refreshing fruits. Four distinct species, representing 
three closely related genera, and each with a number or varieties, are 
grown in China, the Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra and British 
India. A few scattered trees have only recently found their way into 
the West Indies, Panama, southern Florida and southern California 
where climatic conditions are somev.'hat similar to those in the region 
in which these fruits are native. It is a singular coincidence that al- 
though species of Litchi and Euphoria appear in the wild state in the 
Philippines, the two edible species of South China have never been 
extensively cultivated in those islands. In the Hawaiian islands one 
non-edible species of the family exists. Trees of the edible forms, 
introduced from South China by Chinese residents in Hav*"aii, have 
for a number of years borne fruits at irregular intervals. These trees 
have only recently attracted the attention of horticulturists. The 
cultivation of the best varieties of the lychee and lungan, or of the two 
allied more tropical species of Ncphelieac, might provide a paying in- 
dustry for some of these regions in question. They would certainly 
be worthy additions to the fruits now or, the markets ot the western 
world. 

The four most widely cultivated fruits of Siplulita< are the 
rambutan and pulassan of the malaysian tropics and the lungan and 
lychee of the sub-tropical Asiatic Mainland. The latter, the best of 
the four, is decidedly the most promising for those regions in which 
the fruits could bt grown for sale in the United States. If the lychee 
were given the strict attention of successful fruit growers, and its 
cultural peculiarities carefully studied, it should be found that certain 
varieties are especially adapted to th? low, wet, otherwise useless land 
of some of these areas; while other varieties not so promising might 
be grown on the hills. The lungan is a hardier species than the 
lychee and as such should find a place in the more northern extrem- 
ities of sub-tropical regions. It is a fruit worth introducing and is a 
most valuable ornamental. Experimentally it will prove of interest 
as a stock and for hybridizing with the lychee. The rambutan and 
pulassan, Nipkeliiim lappaceum L\nn., and Nephcliuni niutabilt 
Blume, are strictly tropical forms and should prove valuable introduc- 
tions in regions too warm for the lychee and Inivjnn. 



INTRODUCTION 



Chinese poet;> have suiiy praises to the Jychee for centuries 
while Chinese writers have written of the value of the lychee and 
lungan in the home, in medicine and in commerce. In tinjes past 
i^ood Chinese officials have encouran;ed the cultivation of these fruits 
by protecting the parent trees of choice varieties, by disseminating 
information regarding cultural methods and by encouraying. Chinese 
writers to make careful descriptions of the best varieties. Bad officials 
have greatly discouraged these important fruit industries by the custom, 
formerly so rampant in China, of imposino- tribute upon the grow- 
ers. The importance of the iychee in the eyes of the Chinese is 
evinced by the fact that there are no less than nine treatises on the ly- 
chee hy famous authors, beginninij with that of Ts'ai Hsiang {^M)^ 
in A.D. 1059 and extending to that of Wu Ying K'uei (§liMM)' in 
1826. The latter author das written most interestingly of the origin 
of the name lychee. 

Travellers to Chir.a from the earliest times have reported the 
merits of the lychee and have encouraged its introduction into Europe 
and the United States. But like many things of Chinese origin, this 
important fruit is practically unknown on the Western Hemisphere. 
Such a well known authority as Dr. Augustine Henry, who knows 
well both European and Oriental fruits, has privately written with 
regard to the lychee, ' It is one of the very finest fruits in the world, 
not excepting the apple and the pear. ' ' A Portuguese writer' does not 
hesitate to say of the lychee, "It is the most tasty and beautiful fruit 
that God has created in the Universe.'' In fact the lychee has for 
many years been a favorite subject of foreign writers but their treatment 
has usually been as brief as their access to knowledge regarding it. 
One very recent writer^ tersely remarks in a three hundred word article, 
" One of the daintiest packages that have ever been wrapped by Nat- 
ure's hand is the little spherical litchi fruit. No one, whether he is a 

^ TS'AI HSIANG (^g), Li Chih P'u {'^ ~ji M) in Ku Chm Tii 
Shu Chi Cheng {-^^^Ti^]^\ Po Hii Hid Pien (tf- *^ -^ M), Ts'ao Muh 
Tien (j^? TJC %\ section 273 (ll IT T" Y H S' ), 1^' C/n Pn 1 (^ ft IfK — ) 

paffes 1-5 (f;~K#:.?i5SK)- 

2 WU YING K'UFJ (^ )!f, ii) Lins; Nun Li Chih P'u K^M^%^) 
ill L/we Nan I Shu '\'^%W^)-, book 59 (^£+-71,;^) and in six sections 

' MONTKIRO 1)K CakvALHO, Josk, Dhrnviorie /'orfugui-z. das fiUtn/ns, 
arhustos, page 516. 

■* Walker, Robert Sparks, in Tkr Guulr to Nuturr, Vol. XH, No, 



THK LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



student of nature or not, can examine the litchi without admiring; its 
beauty and the sanitary method by which the fruit is preserved." 

'Considerable effort has been made to introduce the lychee and 
lungan into western countries. William Roxburg:h (1759-1815)' 
reports, "This very famous tree is now common in Bengal. It was 
originally brought from China. "" In the early partly of the 19th cent- 
ury the iychee and lungan reached Europe. In the Transactions of 
the Horticultural Society of London- is recorded, "Two species of 
Dimocarpus have been introduced into our gardens: the D. Litchi. 
and D. Longan. They are both natives, of the southern part of China, 
where they are known as the Litchi, and the Long yen and much 
cultivated; they have also been transferred thence to different places 
in the East Indies. " The lychee reached Trinidad before 1880. ' 
Florida grew the fruit as early as 188 •; when Robert Manning said, 
" I tasted it and found the flavor excellent."'* 

Since the year 1907 the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant 
Introduction of the United States Department of Agriculture has run a 
special project to introduce the lychee into culture and since that time 
it has been carefully studied at home and abroad and information re- 
garding it has been assembled. In 191 1 a tree at Santa Barbara, Cali- 
fornia, bloomed but failed to carry its fruits to maturity. In 1914 it 
fruited. In July, 1916, trees which had been sent to Reasoner 
Brothers of c3neco, Florida, by the Office of P^oreign Seed and Plant 
Introduction, bore fruit of exceptionally tine quality. 

Many problems are involved in the successful introduction of 
the lychee and lungan into other lands. The climate and soils best 
adpated to their successful culture must first be studied in their native 
home. The tendancy of these fruits to variation, and their ready 
response to culture, is evident from the large number of varieties 
which have been carefully listed by the Chinese in both literature and 
commerce. A study of these varieties reveals a marked range in carli- 
ness, hardiness, productivity, color, size c^f fruit and seed; and in 
' Roxburgh, Willi.vm, in Flora InJicn nr Descriptions nf Uidum 
Plants, Vol. II, page 269. 

- Tratisactions of the Hortindtunil Society nf LoiiJfi/t, 2(J Eililion, Vol. II, 
papes 402 and 403. 

' Trinidad, Botanical Department, Bulletin nf Miscellaneous ht- 
/or/;7«//o« (Qiiartc'ily), Januaiv 1907, No. 53, page 177. 

•* Corsa, W.P., l<lut culture in the United States, embraclnp: native and 
introduced species, V . S. Department of Agric ulturo. Division nf 
P()nu)!(>try, pice lOS, 



liNrRODUCTlON 



the general character such as Havor, fragrance, juiciness and amount 
of rag. In the general classification of the varieties of the lychee one 
of the most interesting, and possibly significant groups is that which 
the Chinese call the "water lychee" or "shinchih"' '^^/K'it^ and 
"mountain Ixchec' or " shan chih"' (ili:-5:) classification. 

The lychee and the lungan are not without their natural 
enemies. Very little is done in China to control these enemies. A 
scientific study with regard to them is imperative in order both to 
advance the industry in China and to prevent these enemies from 
gaining a foothold in other countries in which these fruits can possibly 
be grown. The most common insect attacking the lychee is a rela- 
tive of the well known stink bug" — a highly decorated species of 
the family Penfatomidat. The second most conspicuous enemy is 
a mite, apparently an undescribed species of Eriophyes which cause 
velvety galls on the leaves of the trees. Several species of Scarabeidae 
are especially troublesome to upland growers. A tree borer is also 
common and the Chinese fight it most ingeniously by the use of fire 
crackers. Minor, superficial fungi can be found on the leaves of the 
trees but the thick, tough, glossy nature of the leaves makes their 
susceptibility to fungi very slight indeed. But parasitic algae are very 
common on both trunk and leaf. 

One of the most fascinating horticultural studies in China is 
fhat of propagation. A Chinese plant propagator will never make an 
attempt to give a scientific explanation of his interesting practices; 
rather is he content to throw about his art an air of mysticism. But 
one always leaves the haunt of the Chinese gardener or nurseryman 
with the inward feeling that the latter has his art at the right -place — 
his hngers' rips: and that one is leaving with many whys and where- 
fores still unexplained. That the western world has much to teach 
China in the modern organization and systematic application of 
scientific nursery practice is evident on all hands. But it is folly for 
the West to feel that there is nothing to be learned from Chinese 
patience, persexerance and skill in the utilization of nature's best for 
the use of man. In this, as in many other fields, the great opportunity 
open to the modernly trained student in China is to bridge the im- 
mense chasm that often exists between the practices evolved fron> 
organized knowledge and those that are the result of centuries of 
experience and intuitive perception. 

Most of the lychee trees grown in the vicinity of Canton 

h;i\(' Ikm-ii propiigntrd h\ the \ er\ common mcthorl known ns 



10 THK L^■c:HK^; and lungan 



pole chill" iMik)- I his is a process of layering; which the mod- 
ern horticulturist can rightly term "Chinese air-layering." It is 
practically the same as "Gootee" layering of India. All Cantonese 
gardeners are excellent manipulators of this method and a great major- 
hy of the trees and shrubs, including citrus fruits, of South China are 
thus propagated. After the trees have been rooted by this process 
they are set out in nursery beds or planted into pots. When they are 
raised for permanent planting a ball of earth at least a foot in diame- 
ter, held in place by means of rice straw, remains attached to the 
roots. The nursery business as seen for example at the village of 
Fang Yung (M."iS), near Canton, has become quite an industry and 
during the planting season one often sees boar loads of hchee nursery 
stock. 

Lychee are rarely grown from seed; lungan more often. The 
Chinese consider that in a region where temperature and humidity so 
greatly facilitate layering there is little reason to depend upon seed- 
lings. I'hen, too, seeds of the lychee are very short lived and cannot 
be kept viable for more than four or five days, except under very moist 
conditions. In the propagation of the trees in other lands, however, 
the seedling method may be advantageous, especially until a large 
numberof trees are at hand. J. E Higgins* in his bulletin cites some 
interesting experiments with regard to the use of seeds in propagation. 

In the greenhouses at Washington the United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture has clearly demonstrated that lychee can be 
successfully grown from cuttings. Inarching is widely practiced by 
the Chinese and in the propagation of some of the best varieties of 
the lychee and lungan they often resort to this method. The 
.small seeded "No Mi Chih" ()i^;)lt§) lychee is often thus pro- 
pagated. One often sees high headed tops of this variety growing 
on trunks of the hardy, mountain or " shan chih" (lllit) type. 
Chinese recognize the art of grafting but I have not seen them 
practice budding. But cleft grafting, known as "tsieh chih" (^^) 
is quite widely practiced on both the lychee and lungan. In the 
famous fruit region of " Lo Kang Tung " (.lipiSI?|BJ,), twenty to thirty 
miles northeast of Canton, one sees some very successful specimens 
of cultivated lychee which have been cleft grafted upon the hill type. 
In fact this practice is doubtless the foundation upon which the large 
commercial lychee industry of Lokang {^\&]) has been founded. 

^ HiGGIKS, J. E , T//t' I.i/c/i! in Haivaii, Hawaii .^jrnVultiiral EvperimciU 
Station, Riillptin No. 44, pnjrcs " and S. 



INTRODUCTION 11 



I'he botany of the lychcc and lutiyan reveals the fact that we 
can look with promise to regions remote from those of native habitat 
for stocks upon which to work these interesting fruits. In particular 
the wild lychee of the Philippines, Lilchi philippinensis Radlk., 
offers tireat promise of being; found useful as a stock, since it is the 
species most closely related to the cultivated lychee and since it has 
peculiarities of advantage as a stock. The lungan also has an allied 
Philippine species, Euphoria cinct\a Radlk., which might be useful 
in lungan culture. J. E. Higgins' has clearly shown (hat "there is 
no difficulty in securing a union of the litchi with the lungan. ' 
Chinese also report that there are lychee trees growing upon the 
lungan roots but its practicability is v'ery questionable as specimens are 
rare. It is apparent that there is an open field for a series of interest- 
ing and helpful experiments in the propagation and hybridization of 
these attractive fruits. Such experiments should prove of great value 
to China and to other countries attempting to introduce the Jychee 
and lungan under conditions not so favorable as in their native habitat. 
Drought and frost resistance are two factors to be kept definitely in 
mind in this work; and soil variations should be carefully studied. 

The inhabitants of the South China region, the home of the 
lychee and the lungan, should take great pride in these two native 
fruits. Of the si.x provinces which geographically comprise South 
China, only two, Kwangtung (^- jfc) and Fukien GfM ^), grow the 
fruits extensively. Szechwan (29 jij- to the northwest, and not in- 
cluded among the provinces of this region, produces some lychee 
and lungan. These fruits are known to grow as far south as Siam. 
But Kwangtung and Fukien are the two great lychee-lungan provinces 
and their history interestingly discloses that for centuries they ha\e 
striven with one another for supremacy in culture and export trade. 
The Ling Nan (^ i^) and Hsing Hwa (® -ffc) regions of Kwang- 
tung and Fukien respectively, are the centers of ihe lychee and 
lungan industry of China. Fukien can rightly claim priority in the 
literature of the lychee through Ts'ai Hsiang's treatise," now eight 
hundred and sixty years old. In the early part of the eighteenth 
century \Vu Ying K'uei (^!i^) matched this work by the publication 
of his treatise ' on the most famous product of the Canton region, 
the Ling Nan lichee. 

^ HiGolNS, J. E., The Litchi in Haix-aii^ Hawaii, ApfricultunI rApcrimfiit 
Snition, Bulletin No. 44, page 1 1 . 

■ Scf tnntllntcK 1 ,111(1 J, p.ipf 7. 



I HE LYCHEK AND LUNG AN 



Liny, Nan l^j^) is a range of mountains, a region and a 
college. The college, known in Cantonese as Ling Naam Tai Hok 
Sl^iv!^) and in English as the Canton Christian College, has ap- 
propriately centered attention upon the lychee. It is the aim and 
hope of this institutiou to establish more firmly the lychee in Kwang- 
tung by means of a practical effort. This great fruit industry should 
be modernly organized and developed to its maximum in order to 
increase home consumption and export trade. When railroads, con- 
necting North and South, are completed there will be an increased 
demand on northern markets for this famous product of the south; 
while foreign markets for the dried and canned products are still 
undeveloped. It is fitting that one of the great tasks of the Canton 
Christian College shall be to standardize and improve the lychee and 
to develop its markets. The lychee certainly deserves to be classed 
with the very best fruits of the world and is worthy of ;the name 
1 .1112 Nrin " " 'ISI^ ^ 



CHAPTER 11 

ORIGIN OF THE NAMFS l.YCHEF {~^ji.) AND LUXGAN (^laM:) 

AND 
■ ENGLISH SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION 

Wu Yinu' K'uei (^ gg jil) ' in the introduction of his special 
treatise on the Ijxhee oives a full explanation of the origin of the 
name lychee and supports his claims by reference to previous works. 
He writes that the lychee (^ ^) has secured its name from the fact 
that the frut clings so tenaciously to the twigs, thus necessitating the 
use of knives in separating the fruit from the branches. In the time 
of ths Han Dynasty (i% ^), H. C. 140-86, the characters represent- 
ing the fruit were written ^ %. The first character ^, pronounced 
tike the English word lay means "to separate" or "to leave." 
The second character jc, pronounced like clue in the English word 
cheese, means branch." The wood of the lychee is very 
hard and the fruit, even when ripe, clings firmly to the twigs. These 
early characters, ^{e iC, were thus an attempt to convey the idea that 
in gathering the fruit the twigs must be separateel from the brancJus 
and the fruit then sep'.iraied from the twigs. However, as knives 
were used in the operation of gathering the fruit the first character 
H later came to be written '^ and to be pronounced " li " the " j" 
long as in the English word ice. The second character ^ re- 
mained the same though now it is often written 1[^ with the additional 
radical ;4c, meaning "wood" or 'tree", on the left which gives the 
word, also pronounced chee", a more restricted meaning, ' the 
branch of a tree." But Wu Ying K'uei {% gg j^) points out that 
IJ^ must not be accepted as the standard form for writing the second 
half of the word lychee (^ %) , as practically all Chinese authorities 
on this fruit use the single-radical word ^. 

A more thorough study of the Chinese character "^ should 
prove of interest. Examination reveals that it is made up of two of 
the 214 idiographs or radicals of which the Chinese written language 

1 WU YING K'UEI l^?iii) Lira; Nan Li Chih P'u (^|f ^^f^t in 
Lbifi Nan J Shu f|l|^it1*?l, book 59 {y^,Jl'\r\%), section 1 (^— %), pajTe 

13 



14 THE J.^•C:HKK AND lAlNC^AN 



consists, namely: '^^ which in the contracted form is written /|- and 
means "grass" or "plant" and 7J which means "knife." We 
then have at the top of the character "^ a "plant " and at the bottom 
"three knives." Wii Ying K'liei points out that these three knives, 
written y%, represents "to cut." The sound of this character^;, 
pronounced "li", is doubtless a corruption of the sound ' lay", 
associated with the character ^f, which was used to represent the 
fruit before the idea was orii^inated to tjive it the present ' knife 
and plant" character "^. It is also worthy of note that Wu Yinu 
K'uei cautions all writers of Chinese to write the word li" p„ and 
not ^ as so many do. The character A is pronounced hip ' and 
means "to cooperate" and is foreiiin to the original idea of usinjx 
the three knife character ^n, to cut. " 

Wu Ying K'uei' s (^fi^^) claim for writin<j the word lychee 
^ji is doubtless well established in so far as its derivation is con- 
cerned. But modern usasie reveals that the word in Chinese may 
be correctly written '^ii, ^i, :^^, or ^j^. Just as to-day in English 
"through " and "thru " are both good forms with considerable pre- 
ference for thru especially in hand writing, so in Chinese both ^ 
and ^ are considered good forms with decided preference for ^ in 
handwriting because of the care required not to cross the strokes in 
making the knife radical Jj. In fact in hand writing most Chinese 
writers will unconsciously write Jj. 

The word lychee ^^ is thus a combination of idiographs 
which are used in the derivation of the characters ^ and ^ and in 
the pronunciation of their sounds. These characters were meant 
to convey the idea that the fruit of the lychee must be taken from the 
tree by means of knives and with twigs attached. 

There is as much difficulty in arriving at the correct form for 
representing the characters i^M) in English as there is in deciding 
upon the correct characters in Chinese. In representing the Can- 
tonese sounds of the characters in English lijcitu is the most 
satisfactory form. The fruit is a South China fruit and should be 
called by the name given it by Cantonese because they not only grow 
the fruit but sell it all over the world. The name of the fruit as 
pronounced in western countries always approximates the Cantonese 
sound. In China the name is pronounced in many ways according 
to the local dialect of the place. Eor example in Eukien /(// is one 
of the local names under which it is known. It is true that the most 
universal dialect of China is Mandarin, which is tlie official languaije 



OKKilN OK THK NAMES LYCHEE l^H) AND (fi®. LUNGAN 15 



of the country. "Ihe (jiles dictionary uives the Mandarin spellinti" as 
fichili which would he unintclliyihlc to the a\eraue Chinese dealinu 
in "Chinese nuts" abroad; and to the farmer of So-ith China.. 

Granted that the sounds to be used in makin<x the name an 
Kn»Iish word should be the Cantonese ones, it is clear that the 
spelling should be that of hjchec, for the simple reason that this 
invariably suyyests the exact sounds of ly as in li/iitfj and cln < as in 
cliC(S( . Unfortunately various factors have operated to initiate other 
spellings. The Cantonese standard romani/.ation according, to Kite! 
is hiiclii, which may indicate the proper sounds to a westerner \\\\n\i 
in lCwan<>tuny; but to the avera'^e reader of Knulish mii>ht be pro- 
nounced in many ways, since hii is founil in l(H<! and hnli/; and cln, 
is found in rliild and niticltiiK. If we follow the botanical name, 
as Mr. Hitiiiins ' ur^es in his bulletin, or any other of the man\ 
approaches to the Mandarin, we either depart from the South 
China word or we have the trouble of explainintj, how the stranue- 
iookini^ word is to be pronounced in Enizlish. The botanical name 
?/fc/»/ requires the silencino; of the "t" and then the pronunciation 
of the two "i's" in different ways. Other writers have oiven us 
lici, li-tchi, la-izi, litcln, Jtachtd, iiclii, lyclii, l((ch<<: ^nd li(h((. 
Only the last can rival IijcIkc. And the objection to liclur is in the 
fact that li as an initial syllable has varying sounds as in hllh , lith' 
and litre; but lij as an initial syllable is always as in lijiiKJ, hjcuirn 
and lyratc. The word IijcIkc will best convey the correct Cantonese 
sound of the word. 

The lungan like the lychee is a two-character word gaBS, 
meaning "dragon-eye.'" The fruit of the lungan is smaller and 
more rounded than that of the lychee and is said to resemble in ap- 
pearance the eye of a dragon, from whence it doubtless gets its most 
common name. If nlll be romanized according to the Cantonese 
pronunciation the words should be written lung-ngan; but as an 
"ng' sound appears at the end of the first word and also at the 
beginning of the second, and as this sound is unusually difficult to 
pronounce, the word " lungan " is more desirable. Chinese literary 
works and local dialects record many other names for the lungan. 
One common name is " uen ngan " (lijBl:) meaning round eye. '" 
Other names are "lychee no" ('^^ix', meaning servant of the 
lychee, because the fruiting season immediately follows that of the 
lychee; and "a lychee "' ( ^.~^-:k) , the "second lychee. " 

' Iliiiuiiis, J. F., T//f l.ilc/ii m Ha-ivni}, H;i\v:iii Afjiiciiltiiral F,\))fninent 
Station, Hullctin Xo. 44, jiaops 3 and 4. 



CHAPTER HI 
CHINESE LITERATURE ON THE LYCHEE 

No ancient civilization has produced so many vakuble works 
dealing; with agriculture and kindred subjects as the Chinese. These 
books should receive greater attention in the modern ad\ance of 
science. The lychee has long been a favorite with artists in China 
and no fruit has inspired more enthusiastic eulogies by the poets and 
none other has been made the subject of so many special treatises. 
No fewer than nine special monographs, a list of which is appended, 
have been written on this fruit, the most celebrated being that of 
Ts'ai Hsiang l^jg) 'fig. 1. It is a noteworthy fact that the 
lychee was the first fruit to be so treated by Chinese writers, as is 
shown by the fact that Ts'ai Hsiang' s monograph was the model 
that inspired Han Yen-chih {^^M^^ to write the first special treatise 
on the orange in 1179 A.D., one hundred and twenty years later. 

It is not surprising that there is so little reference to the lychee 
in the earliest Chinese historical documoits, as it is distinctly a 
southern plant and even at the time when Confu cius compiled the 
classics (about B.C. 500) the Chinese dominions did not extend far 
south of the Yangtze river. 

That the lychee flourished in the southern part of China 
before the time of Christ is evidenced by the fact that in a book by an 
unknown author, to which Pei Wen Chai (IM^S) ^ refers, it is 
recorded that Wu Ti i^-^f) of the Han Dynasty (mm), B.C. 



1 TS'AI HSIANG (WM), Li Chih P'u (li^lft). 

The author has had access to three copies of Ts'ai Hsiang-'s work: 
f 1) A rLibhiiip:, tlie gift of a Chinese friend, imiicating; that the work at some 
future time must have been carved on stone; (2) A copy on silk which has 
been in tlie possession of a Chinese family for many ijenerations; and (3) 
The copy in Ku C/iin Tii Shu Chi Chen^ ('fi'^l^ff HV^), Po It'n Hui Picii 
(tfif^aiil) Ts\io Muh Tun KW-M^K), section 273 (?j^r.lf'b-I'H^-), Li CInli 

P" 1 K^^%) p^'s-^s 1-5 (??;-KM^;sK). 

-PEI WEN CHAI {mSM) Kuan- Ch'un Fang P'u (^-^Jg^^ff), 

section m (^/;T#^, p^'Re 4 ( ?f,gq-g). 



w 

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PLATE IV 



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Figure ic. — Reproduction of a page ot Ts'ai Hsiang's ' 
Li Yaman Reprint of the Chinese Iniperia 
(Two-thirds natural size.) 



'Li Chih P'u" in the Tsung 
Encyclopedia. 



CHINESE LITERATURE ON THE LYCHEE 17 



140-^6, after he had conquered Nan Yueh (|iM) ' and subjected 
also a part of Annam, built the palace Fu Li (^^:g') and in the 
g^rJ^n or arboretum app^rtaininu: thereto he introduced from the 
soatli a hjiidreJ or more lychse trees, not one of which yrew. This 
he repeated for several years and finally succeeded in growing one 
tree which seemed to flourish for a time but never fruited. The 
Emperor greatly loved this tree but it died after a short period and 
"several tens" of husbandmen were accused of having neglected it 
and were killed. 

There has been an attempt in Chinese literature to trace the 
lychee as far bick as B C. 1765. Wu Ymg K'uei (^!iJi) ^quotes 
from a work Kuanz Yii (^!5) that I Yin (^^) of the time of the 
Enieror Ci'eni T'aag ifSL'^', B.C. 1766, of the Shang Dynasty 
(M^M), spoke of a fruit called "feng wan" (B.^) which some 
people believed to be the lychee. 

The great wealth of Chinese literature concerning the lychee, 
r2:3-d> of which appeared at the beoinning of the Christian era and 
continue to the present diy, is a fair indication of the importance of 
this fruit to the life of the Chinese people. Ts'ai Hsiang (^M) ^ 
records, as translated by Mr. M chael J. Hagerty, " AH seven pre- 
fectures, such as Tung ching (^ij^ — Tonking and Chia-chih 
(^Ilt) — Coc'iin-China, sent a tribute of fresh lychee to China. In 
carrying this tribute the couriers adopted the custom of fejays, 
stopping and leaving some of the fresh fruit at improvised depots, 
some of which were ten "li" apart, while others were but four 
"li"' distant from each other. These couriers galloped quickly, 
day and night. This enforced tribute oppressed these people like a 
plagje of poisonous insects and wild animals. At Lin-su (^^) in 

* Nan Yueh h the old Kirg lom of Cochin-China which in A,D, 
222 WHS divided into Chiao-(!hoii or Tonquin and what is now the area 
covered by Kwang^tung and Kwangsi. See B.etscl'.n-ider, Botatt'con 
Sinicum. — Emil Visile/ich, Notes on Chinese Botany from Natit'e and 
Western Sources, Loidon, 1882, page 23. 

2 WU YIN 3 KURT (^1^) Lin^ Nan Li Chik P'u f^^^5««) in 
Lin^ Nan I Shu K^^MM), book 59 '^%^-YiLi^), section 1 (S-~#) 
page 1 (^— H)- 

^ TSAT H<?TAN« ^^g), Li C'lih P'u f^^f^) in Ku Chin Tu Shu 
Chi Ch^nsr (-^^'^nWi%). Po Wu Hm PieniM'^^MU^, Ts^ao Muh Tien 
(^Tfcift), .sec ion 273 (litrW-t+H^), Li Chth Pu 1 (SS^~), pa^e 2 



THF L'S-CIIF.F. AND l.TNciAN 



Hunan province a man named Tany- Ch iany; (^^) sent a 
memorial, protesting ai^ainst the amount of tribute, and Emperor Ho 
Ti i^a^), A.D. 89 issued a proclamation ordering his "Tai 
Kuan " (icW) or Official in Charge of the Collection of Tribute, to 
diminish the amount. ' 

As pointed out in the Kii ('kin Tu Shu Chi (.'hcng iiS"-^^ 
#11^),^ ' The Chinese Encyclopedia of Ancient and Modern 
Times, *' each of the three yreat Chinese literary works ' dealing with 
plants refers to the lychee. In the first of these, "Features of 
Plants in the South," Chi Han (^^) includes the lychee among the 
80 species described listing it as a fruit tree. In this work he 
carefully records the characteristics of the tree and fruit and states its 
yield, all of which agree with the lychee of the present da> . 

This Compendium of Cljinese Literature herein referred to \v:is drawn 
up and published under Imperial authority in 1726. The botanical section 
of this gigantic compilation, Ts'ao Muh Tien (^TJC^i), comprises 320 books. 
See Bretschncidor, B't/atiicon Sinicit/n, pages 71, 72 and note 24. 

" a. Nafi Faiii^ Ts\io Mith Chuang (^')i^90i^- 

"This is the earliest Chinese treatise dealing with plants and bear 
a purely botanical character. The author was Ki Han, a Minister of State 
under Hui Ti of the Tsin Dynasty (A.D. 290-307). He had been 
previously governor of Canton. We meet in it interesting accfiunts of some 
trees and other plants known at that time in South China, some of them 
brought from distant foreign countries. The plants are treated under the 
four classes of herbs, forest trees, fruit trees and bamboos, including in all 
8(( species." See Bretschneider, Rotanicon Siiiiciim, pag^ jS. 

b. P^n Ts\io Kang Mii {H^^WiVO- 

"This is the celebrated Chinese Materia Medica written more than 

300 years ago and well known in Europe It represents indeed the 

most important native work on Materia Medica and Natunil History." See 
Bretschneider, Boianicon Sifrcum, page 47. 

c. Tu King Fen Tiao (fflfl;*:!?.). 

This is an illustrated Materia Medica comprising 21 books. It was 
compiled by Su Sung of Fukien province and published by Imperial Order. 

Sec Rvctsclmeider, Poiintiinn Sin'tcum^ pat;'e 47. 



, CHINESfi; LITERATURK OX THE lATHEE 19 



'" Chia Ssu Hsifh (ft.g^^if,) of the time of the Northern \\ ei 
Dynasty (4hM'> A. D. 386-532, in his work on husbandry' records 
that there are many interesting varieties of this fruit, most of which 
ripen in the fourth month; and that they are preser\'ed hy drying:, 
when the flesh and seed do not appear as when fresh. 

Tuan Kung Lu (Pi/irSSr) of the T'anw Dynasty (ifl^), A. D. 
818-904, in his Goographicul Account of Soiithn-n (jlii>in^ records 
the lycnee as a strange and wonderful fruit, the best in South China. 
He says that it ripens in the beginning t)f summer and that it has 
white and transparent flesh with sweet juices; and that it is as large 
as an egg and some varieties are without seeds. T hese are only a 
few of the references quoted in the Chinese Kncyclopedia. 

Another interesting record is that of Su Shih (Hit), high 
official, poet and essay-writer of the first rank, who in A. D. 1094 
was accused of having spoken disrespectfully of the Emperor and 
was banished flrst to VVaicliow (MM) in Kvvangtung ij^^i) and 
afterwards to the Island of Hainan (^^ffj), regions which in those 
diys were utterly barbarv)us and unknown. These same regions are 
to-day famous lychee centers and Sa Shih (|^|£J has left us no less 
than eight poems' on this wonderful fruit, one of which was com- 
posed at the foot of Lo Fou mountain ( ^j?llJ ' and has been translated 
as follows: 

" Beneath tliesc green mountains where sprhig rules the 
>ear 

The arbutus and loquat in season appear; 

And feasting on lychee — three hundred a day — • 

I shouldn't mind staying eternally here. " ■* 

' 7j'/ Ml,, Yao S/iiii (j^l^gjliilj). 

Bretsclineider trausIiUes the title of this work: Important Rules 
for the People to ^aiii their J.iving in Peace. The original work vvas ii\ 92 
sections but a part of it was lo.-t a longtime ago. The edition now cinren( 
is in ten books. See Bretschneider Botunicon Sinicum, pages 77 and 79. 

- Pel hu lu (4b^t5^) l>y Tuan Kung Lu of the T'ang Dynasty. See 
Bretschneider, Bottirtiron Siniaim, page 178. 

' AV/ Chill Ti, S/iu Ch, Chena (■fi'-1»®#^f/3t), Po IVu Hui Pirn (If 4^R-J^), 
T.<\uj Muh Tien (^.7|c!Pj-), section 276 (,^nW-t:-|-^€-), Ei Chih Pu 2 
(#,^ltl5^A pages 5-6 (^;^?.^-A). 

ri:\iisl:itii II, li\ Ml--. Ro^c S. \'\'illi,im ■. 



20 THE LYCHEE AND LtJNQAN 



Of the various Chinese treatises on the lychee, that of Ts'ai 
Hsianj, ^ A. D. 1059, already quoted, is the earliest and most 
famous. His work is divided into seven distinct chapters all of which 
have been translated by Mr. Michael J. Hagerty, of the Office of 
Crop Physiology and Breeding Investigations of the United States 
Department of Agriculture. In the first of these chapters he treats 
of the extent of territory over which the lychee is grown and pro- 
claims his z;al to place this fruit in the position it deserves among 
the fruits of the world. He had artists draw pictures of the best 
varieties he had seen and these he classified. In the second chapter 
he deals wich the lychee in his native province, Fukien, and he 
names one variety, the "Chen family purple lychee " of which he 
says that though there are a thousand varieties and ten thousand trees, 
no other one can compare with this. He says of it, "When the 
Chen family are about to harvest their crop of lychee, they close all 
their gates or doors and people desiring to purchase the fruit must 
hand in their money through an aperture in the wall, receiving in 
return its equivalent in lychee fruit. For that which the purchaser 
was able to obtain he was thankful and considered himself lucky, 
re/er daring to argue whether the price was too much or too little. " 
He then deah with the production and export of the lychee and in 
the fourth chapter he considers its medicinal properties and speaks of 
the age of the tree and the excellent character of the wood. He 
does not fail to discuss the important fact of inability of the lychee to 
withstand cold and to speak of its chief enemies. In the si?cth chapter 
he deals with a few of the many interesting methods of preserving 
the fruit which the Chinese used in those days and he tells of the 
custom of sending the best fruit as tribute to the Emperor. In the 
last chapter he gives a comprehensive list of the varieties produced 
and discusses them in some detail. 

Sung Chia i^m) ^ of the Ming Dynasty (mW , A. D. 
1368-1627, also wrote a treatise on the lychee in which he quotes 
Ts'ai Hsiang (SI^S) and interestingly proclaims his desire to organize- 

' T^'AT H<?TANO (^g\ Li Chih P'u (^^l!f) \x\ Ku Chin Tu Shu 
Chi Chm^ {■^^'^n%\^\. Pn m, Hid Pien i^^^U • T'.fVo Muh Tien 
[^:\Z%). section 27 J (Ij?- W-b-hHg), Li Cliih Pu 1 tl;^^-), P^ges 1-5 

2 SUNG ("HI A i^W, Li Chih P'u (^$3^) in Ku Chin Tu Shu Chi 
Chevji (-£-^E^ft)^), Pn Wv Hui Pien (If^f ^), Ts-ao Muh Tien 
(^vj^-ljIlK section 27? f^-W-t+B^), Li Chih Pa 1 (l,it|>— ), pages 

6-11 ^>f;HM?gi— H 



CHTNESK LITERATURE ON TRE LYCFIEE 21 



a Lychee Society, the purpose of which should be to consume the 
delicious fruit and to write- poems about it. He names twenty-two 
varieties growing in Kwangtung as recorded hy Chen" Hsiung \MM^ ■ 

One of the most recent treatise on the lychee, and which 
does not appear in the Chinese Encyclopedia, is that of \Vu Ying 
K'uei i^MM) ^ published in 1826. This treatise deals with the 
lychee in the Ling Nan (^i^) region of Kwangtung (jgiH) and has 
been translated into English by Mr. Hoh Mung Ping 'H?^^) of the 
Canton Christian College. 

The Chih Wu Ming Shih T'u K'ao (M*^^KM^>^ an 
illustrated Chinese botany published in 1848, reprints a number of the 
well-known lychee monogiaphs and in connection with the illustration 
of the lychee Wu Ch'i Hsiin f'^jt-r#), the author, writes an interest- 
ing essay. In this essay it is recorded that Yu Lo Nung (^^;^) of 
Fukien province had among his pupils one who later became an 
official in Yuan Kiang (71:51) in Yunnan (Sj^h Yu Lo Nung 
(MM^> l^ter visited his friend in Yunnan and found recorded in the 
annals of Yuan Kiang ijcil) that the lychee had been produced 
there. Upon inquiry why this section did not still produce lychee he 
learned that it was because of the difficulties of communication and 
the labor and trouble involved in sending lychee tribute to the 
Emperor. Because of the hardships imposed upon them the people 
had decided to cut down all the lychee trees. Yu Lo Nung (r^^;^) 
again pointed out that Yuan Kiang (jcjIJ vvas well adapted for 
lychee culture and he strongly urged the official to introduce them 
from Nan Hai (i^?^) in Kwangtung province. The final answer of 
his friend was that Yuan Kiang {jitfL) was hot and damp and that 
the lychee introduction was not worth the effort as he would not be 
there for more than three years. He said that, moreover, as this 
vvas the only place in Yunnan that could possibly produce the lychee, 
its production would cause the people much hardship because of the 
custom of tribute. He remarked. For one taste of sweetness by 
the officials, the people are caused much trouble. Ah! How sorry 
I am ! 

' WU YING K'UKr i^mm I'hig Na>, Li ChUi P'u {^m^%m) in 
Liri^ Na/r I Shu (|^^ig^)> ^^ook 59 (^S-F^hiJ^si), and in six sections 

2 WU CH'I HSUN (^Jtjt), Chih ffu Mi>if; Shih Tu K\io {til4^* 
KIS#)« ff-uit di'visifm fj^lg). section 31 (^H+— ^). piicjfs 1 and 11 



22 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



One of the most helpful sources of information in the study 
of these fruits has been the provincial, prefectural and district 
gazetteers or annals. Each political division of China has at regular 
intervals systematically published these geographical records which 
contain helpful information regarding history, production and matters 
of interest in the life of the people. By means of these records it 
has been possible to determine the districts in which the lychee and 
luni^an are g^'own and to secure valuable data relative to culture and 
varieties. The Chinese works consulted include these and mis- 
cellaneous works together with the nine standard works on the lychee. 
A list of these is appended and most of them will be found in the 
Library of Congress at Washington. These works are constantly 
referred to throughout the text. They not only record numerous 
legends regarding these fruits which would enrich a child's book of 
fairytales; but they discuss in an enlightening manner the habitat, 
culture, varieties and trade of these important fruits. A^any of the 
problems involved in the successful culture of these fruits have been 
discussed by Chinese writers and their records should prove of great 
value in the development of the industry at home and abroad. 



CHAPTER IV 

EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN LITERATURE 

ON THE 

LYCHEE AND LUNG AN 

The first unquestionable records, regarding China, appearing 
in the West in the twelfth century, were in Arabic. In these there 
is apparently no mention of the lychee and lungan. Gonzalez de 
Mendoza's work in Spanish, published in Rome in 1585, translated 
into English by R. Parke in 1588, was the first detailed record 
regarding China published in any European language after the dis- 
covery of the sea route to Chma in the early part of the sixteenth 
century. As translated by Parke, Gonzalez de Mendoza ^ referred 
to the lychee in the following words: "Also they haue a kinde of 
plummes, that they doo call lechias (Dimocarpus leechee), that are 
of an exceeding gallant tast, and neuer hurteth any body, although 
they shoulde eate a great number of them. " 

in " De Christiana Expedition"^, published in lolS, 
Licyas and Longauas are mentioned but Alvaro Semmedo ' in his 
work published in Italian in 1643, and "put into English by a person 
of quality " in 1655, describes the fruit more completely. He says, 
"The Southern provinces have the best fruits of all India; particularly 

' Gonzalez de Mendoza, Juan, The History of the Great and Mighty 
Kingdom of China and the Situation Thereof. Translation out of Spanish 
by R. Parke. London, Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1588, page 14. 

^ Trigault, Nicolas, De Christiano expeditiu ne apud sinas suscepta ah 
societate Jesu. Ex P. Matthaei Ricii eiusdem societatis commentariis Libri 

V. Augusta Vind. Augusburg, 1615, page 10. 

^ Semmedo, Alvaro, The history of that great and renowned monarchy 

of China ....... .Lately written in Italian by F. Alvarez Semedo 

Now put into English by a person of quality, and illustrated with several 

mapps and figures London, Printed by E. Tvler for I, Crook, 1655 

page 5 » 



24 THR LYCHFJ<: AND LTJN'UAN 



Cantone ; for they have Allans, i\lany;has ; and above 

all, there are some fruits proper to them of a particular excellency, 
such as in Cantone are the Licie, (so the Portughess call them, but 
the Chineses, Lici. ) These on the outside are an orange colour, 
and when they are ripe doe very much beautify the trees they grow 
on. They are made like chastnuts, in the forme of an heart; when 
the shell is pilled of, which is only contiguous to it, the fruit remaines 
like a pearl in colour, very pleasing to the sight, but more to the 
taste. 

In lb55 Martinio ' reported the lychee and lungan from 
Fukien in the following words as translated by Mrs. Maude Keller- 
man Swingle: " A quantity of the fruits called Lichi, in Portugese 
Machaetises Licliiis, is also found in the eastern part of the Province 
[Fukien] and especially about the cities; they are borne on large tall 
trees which have leaves like the laurel and whose top branches 
produce fruit like bunches of grapes but with fewer fruits and longer 
peduncles; the fruit is the shape of a heart, and the size of a walnut, 
resembling a small pine cone, having a scaly but not thick skin for it 
can be easily broken with the hand alone; inside is the succulent 
white flesh with a suave rose odor and taste; at maturity the fruit 
becomes purple so that the trees themselves look purple ornamented 
all over with hearts, a beautiful sight to delight the eyes; the seed or 
stone is surrounded by flesh, and the smaller the seed the better and 
more superior the fruit; rightly may I say that it is the king of fruits; 
often have I considered how it delights the eye and one never wearies 
of the taste, its flesh is like sweet meats made of congealed (candied?) 
roses as the people call it and I have often seen that it almosts melts 
in the mouth. 

"There is also another fruit which is round and has a 
different skin from the above, — this is called the Lung yen, that is 
dragon's eye; it is not equal to the above in size but is a little smaller 
and rounded almost like a cherry. The skin is somewhat harder 
than that of the " Lichi " and has larger scales. Both are also dried 
in China and are sent from this province (Fukien) to delight the 
whole empire, but the dried fruits cannot be compared to the fresh 
ones as almost all the suave juice is lost. From the Lichi " also a 
liquor is expressed, which the Chinese call wine; it is agreeable 
enough but not often found." 

^ Martinio, Martino, Atlas Sinicus sive Magni Siiiaruni Imperii 
' Geographica descriptio, auctore R. P. Martino Martinio e Societate Jesu, ex 
Sinanim refjno in (Tfhem mi'jso Procuratore \'iennn, ]f<'>'>, pape IJi. 



KUllUPEAN AND AMERICAN LITEKATUKE 25 



In 1656 Michel Boym's work ' was made known and published 
later in Aielchisedech fhevenot's lUlalions di divirs voayycs. 
Boyni devoted a para'^jraph to the Li-ci and Luni-yoi and said that 
the trees appear only in the southern provinces of China; that the 
fruit of the li~ci somewhat resembles that of the pine and that the 
lam yen has a very thin skin; that the texture is somewhat like that 
of the j^rape and is dried in lary:e quantities by the Chinese. He re- 
ported how the Chinese claim that when the fruit is wild it has very 
large seed, scanty flesh and sub-acid taste, but if it is transplanted and 
cultivated the seeds soon decrease in size and the flesh becomes 
sweet and abundant. He likened the color of the flesh to human 
nails and says that the Chinese sometimes preser\ e the fruit in salt 
water and thus are able to maintain its freshness. His drawing of the 
tree and fruit, carefully labeled with Chinese characters, was probably 
the first figure of the tree published in the West. Giacomo Zanonii 
(1615-1682) ^ also pictured the lychee, showing limb, leaves, fruit 
and flower. His work not published until 1742. It describes the 
lychee as a tree of large, thick, oblong leaves; the white flowers occur 

together; fruit very red with thin skin and white flesh. He 

says that the kernels of the fruits are sometimes used with flour for 
making bread and that the poorer ones are made into powder to 
produce a cooling drink. The pre-Linnean name Lischion Lndiat 
orientcdis was given by Zanonii. In 1662 Johannes Jonstonus's 
work' appeared in Latin. His observations were so similar to those 
of Boym as to make one feel that the latter was the source of the 
information. He also devoted a whole plate to a drawing of the tree 
and fruit which he, too, carefully labeled with Chinese characters. 

Dr. Olfert Dapper^ , Dutch traveller in his work published in 
An)Sterdam in 1670, reports that in Chungkingfu, Szechwan, the 
lychee grows e\erywhere in great abundance; and that in south-west 

' Boym, Michel, in Tlicvenot, MfU-hisedecli, Relations Je Ji-irrs 
^■oavgfs. Paris, .\. Praiard, 1683, pajje 2(1. 

' Zanonii Giacomo, Jacobi Zanonii Rarionim stirpiuni liistjoria ex parte 
olitn edita Bononiae, ex typographia Laelii a Vulpe, 1742, page 147. 

' Jonstonus, Johannes, Dendrograpl-.ias: sive, Historiae naturalis tie 

arboribus Francofurti ad Moeniim, siiniptibxis liaerediiin Matthaei 

Meriar.i, 1662, page 475 and Tab. cxxxvi. 

■* Dapper, Olfert, Gedenkwaerdigbedryf der Nederlandsche Oost-Indische 

maetschappye, op de kuste en in het keizerrijk van Taising of Sina: 

Jacob van Meurs, Ainsterdam, 167(1, pages 208 and 209. 



26 THE LYCHEE AN]:> l.UNGAN 



Kukien, especially' in Hinsrhwafu, it throws in still greater abundance. 
He states that the fruit grows on trees with a leaf much like that of 
laurel; that the fruits form in bunches on the twigs at the tops of the 
branches, nuich like the grape, but on longer stems. He says that 
the fruit has exactlj- the shape of an animal's heart and so pictures it 
in his drawing; and that inside the fruit is a juicy fiesh, white 
in color and with the fragrance of a rose. He says that when 
the tree is in fruit it seems to be decorated with purple hearts and is 
greatly admired by onlookers. He concludes, "The f^esh almost 
melts like sugar in the mouth, and does not hurt anybody. Rightly 
may this fruit be called 'Queen of Fruits'." 

George Joseph Camell, or Kamel ^ , in a work on the herbs and 
shrubs of the Island of Luzon in the Philippines, published as 
an appendix to John Ray's Historia plantarum, reported local 
Philippine names as well as the Spanish and Chinese names of what 
was apparently the Philippine "alapag", EnpJioria cincrca Radlk. 
He says that this species grows to about the height of a walnut tree, 
with alternate leaves much resembling the laurel; flowers white and 
odorous; fruit small, about the size of a hen's egg with a verrucose 
membranous skin at first green but turning to red, and dark in color 
when dry. He describes the fruit as containing a small mouthful of 
diaphanous, excellent, sweetly acid flavor in which there is an oblong 
tereate seed. He says it is abundant in the mountains Hatan, 
Paliopican in Zebu, Bohol and Basilan. 

Peter J. B. Du Halde - , a Jesuit, in a work published at the 
Hague in 1736, mentions among other fruits the Tsl-Isc (doubtless 
the Chinese persimmon), Li4chiandthe. Long-yucn, saying that they 
are peculiar to China where they are highly regarded and that they 
grow especially in the province of Kwangtung. He says that 
scarcely any fruit can be compared with the lychee, especially those 
varieties with small seeds. 

Camello, Georgio Josepho, Herbarum aliarumque stirpiuiii in insula 
Luzone philippinarum (Appendix to John Ray's Historiei p/antarum), 1704, 
pages 53 and 54. 

Du Haide, Jean Baptiste, Description geograpiiique, liistoriquc 
chi'onologiqiie, politique, et phj'sique do I'empire de la Cliine et de la 
Tartaric Chinoise, Tome Second, A Lu Have, Henri Scheurleer, 1736, 
pages 170 and 171. 



EUKOrEAN AND AMP]RICAN LITEKATUKE 27 



Pelir Osbeck ^ , Rector of Hasloef and Woxtorp, Member cif 
the Academy of Stockholm and of the Society of Upsala, in his 
Voyage to China and tJn Eosi Jndus, interestingly reported in 
1757 a certain thrilling experience in his search for plants in which 
be says, ' Near this place was a garden, but neither entreaties nor 

money could procure me an entrance VVe went to the house 

where the surveyor of it lived. Here was a little gilt figure, on an 
altar, which was one of the lares of the Chinese. We were well 
received in his room; and he immediately ordered a dish of tea 
without sugar, and a tobacoo-pipe to be given us but did not desire 
us to sit down. \Ve were afterwards presented with two sorts of 
fruit, which in their language are called Ln-iyit and Longan." 
These Osbeck has described in another place as a fruit which is 
eaten with tea, tasting almost like a sort of our plums and covered 
with a brownish, thin and warty skin, in appearance something like 
gall apples. As translated in English he says, " Lang-an is less than 
lat-yee; th^y ha\e a smooth skin, and sweet pulp, as in the lat-yee. " 

The first modern botanical name, Litchi Chiiunsis, v\'as 
given by Pierre Sonnerat^ . Commissioner of Marine and Naturalist 
under royal pension, Correspondent of the Ro.yal Household, and 
Member of the Royal Societies of Paris and Lyons, in his publication 
of 1782. Sonnerat gives a careful and complete description of the 
lychee and says. " Its fruit is very agreeable and one of the best in 
the country. ^Vhen it is ripe it is of a russet or reddish color. The 
Chinese dry it in an oven to keep it and thus prepared it becomes an 
object of commerce. The Longan of China should be included in 
the same genus. 

Grosier's ' \ery comprehensive Gdural Dtscriplioit of 
China translated from the French into English and published in 
1795, contains the following interesting but somewhat questionable 

' Osheck, Peter, A Vovage to China and the Kast Indies Lonchjn, 

B. White, 177], pages 308', 326 and 327. 

^Sonnerat, Pierre, Voyage aux Indes Orientale> et a la (liine 2 

volumes aiui i)lates, Paris, L'auteiir, 1782, Tome second, i>Mg'f 23(1 and 
plate 129. 

' Grosier, Jean Buptiste Gabriel /Alexandre, A jjcneral description of 
China: containing the topography of the fifteen provinces which comprise 
this vast empiie; that of Tartar^', the isles, and other tributary countries. 
The second edition, transited froin the French of the Abbe Grosier. 
London, (;. G. and 1. Robin-on, 1795, ^^^i. 1, i):i<;-<' 426 ;nid 427. 



28 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



statements with regard to the lychee, "We are assured that this fruit 
is delicious; but it is dangerous when eat to excess; for it is so 

hot, that it occasions an eruption over the whole body The 

li-tchi which are carried to Peking for the use of the Emperor, in- 
closed in tin vessels, filled with spirits mixed with honej' and other 
ingredients, preserve indeed an appearance of freshness, but they lose 
much of their favour. That this Prince might taste them in the 
highest perfection, the trees themselves have been sometimes 
transported to the capital in boxes; and they have been so well 
managed, that, when they arrived there the fruit was near its maturity. 
The other kind of fruit peculiar to the southern provinces is the 
long-i/e)i or dragon s eye; it is of a round figure, has a yellowish 
skin, and its pulp is white, tart and juicy. It is said that the fruit of 
this tree is not so agreeable to the taste as the li-tchi, but is, however, 
more wholesome, and may be eaten with great safety. " Sir George 
Leonard Staunton^ mentions a fruit, the sce-chec (probably the 
persimmon) with that of the hc-chec in the account of his journey 
to Canton in 1797 found in his work concerning his embassy to 
China. He says, "The Chinese want some European fruits, such 
as gooseberries, currants, raspberries and olives; but abound in others 
such as the scc-chte, and the Ice-diec, which are not produced in 

Europe The lee-chee is not much bigger that a large cherry, 

with a skin full of soft prickles. The taste of the pulp is tart; and 
it covers a kernel, in proportion, large. The lee-chee is often pre- 
served, and in that state has somewhat of a sweet taste.'' Jose 
Monteiro de Carvalho ^ in his Diccionaric portugiuz 1817, 
devoted ten lines to the Lexia and says, "Leaves compact and wide 

of a yellowish, green color The fruit is somewhat like the 

shape of a green pear, the which is the most tasty and beautiful that 
God has created in the Universe." 

The beginning of the 19th century witnessed a wider interest 
in Europe in the culture of these fruits. The Trausacduiic of the 
Horticultural Society of London, ' " 1818, contains a report on 
their introduction into their gardens under the names of Diinocarpus 

* Staunton, Sir George Leonard, An authentic account of an embassy 
from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China. London, G. 
Nicol, 1797, Vol. 2, page 463. 

^ Monteiro de Car\4alho, Jose, Diccionarie portuguez das plantas, 
arbustos, Lisboa, 1817, Tomo 1, page 316. 

' Royal Horticultural society, London, Transactions of the Horticultural 
Society of London volume II, 2d edition, London. 1818, pages 402 and 403. 



KUKOPEAX AND AMERICAN LITEKATURF 2^^ 



Litclil and Diinocarpus Loinjan. This is followed with a descrip- 
tion of these fruits, with a record of the fruitinji; of the lono;an in a 
"stove" erected by John Knight, Esq., of Lee Castle for the pur- 
pose of ^rowinti tropical fruits. This report contains a handsome 
drawing of a beariny: twi^ of these longans. ft states that these 
fruits, natives of the southern part of China, have been transferred to 
different places in the East Indies. Edwards's Botanical Register' 
published in London in 1835 deals with the " Longan Tree "' under 
the name of Euphoria Longan and states that the lychee and lungau 
are two of the finest fruits that the Chinese possess. He says, 
"They have, when imported, a brown shell, which in the former is 
prickly, in the latter simply warred, and contain a single seed sur- 
rounded by a succulent aril, having much the taste of an excellent 
raisin, only rather more vinous." He says that this species seldom 
flowers in England and has produced at only one place; namely at 
Mr. John Knight's. He quotes in full from the Transactions of the 
Hortic'dtural Society in London and supplements the drawing therein 
contained by one of a similar twig in flower. Robert Fortune ■•' , 
Botanical Collector to the Horticultural Society of London in the 
second edition, 1847, of his Three Years Wanderings in Ihe 
Northern Provinces of China, including a Visit to the Tea, Silk, 
and Cotton Countries, mentions among trees growing over the plains 
and near the sides of the river, the Icechee and longan. In his 
chapter on " Native Fruits, " he says, " What may be more properly 
called Chinese fruits, such as the leechees, longans and wangpees, 
are, however, excellent, the climate suiting them admirably. When 
I was here [in July], the leechee trees were covered with their Hne 
red fruits, and were very beautiful, the fruit contrasted so well with 
the deep clear green foliage '" 

Aiphonso de Candolle ^ in his Origin oj Cultivated J'lantSf 
second edition, 1886, deals with the litchi, longav and randjutan 
all under the generic name of Ncphelium. He says that it does not 

' Edwards's Botanical Register; or ornaiTi<-iital tlower-gardfn and 
shriibberv, New Series, \'(>!. ". T.ondon: JaniP'^ Ridf^nav and Sons 
Piccadilly, 1835, No. 1729. 

Fortune, Robert, Three years wanderings in the northern provinces of 
China, incliidinp^ a visit to the tea, silk, and cotton countries with an account 
of the agriculture and horticulture of the Chinese, new plants, etc. Second 
Edition. London: John Murray, 1847, page 384. 

' Candolle, Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyramus de, Origin of cultivated 
plants, Secon<I edition, London, Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., 1, Paternoster 
Square. iH8fi, pagpc 'Mi. 'Mn ,itid .•'.!(». 



30 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



seem that any botanist has found the lychee in a truly wild state 
probably because the southern part of China towards Siam has been 
little visited. George Watt * in his Dictionary of ecoiwmic products 
of India, 1891, also considers these fruits under Ncphelium. He 
speaks of its success in India, especially Bengal and he quotes Dr. 
Bonavia's enthusiastic remarks in the Pionetr. 

All the literature on the lichee in the United States is very 
recent. One of the first references is in an article by Prof, 
C. C. Georgeson ^ in whicles he notes that the lychee has been 
introduced into the extreme south of Japan, but that it does not 
readily adapt itself to climates differing much to that peculiar to its 
native habitat, southern China and the Malay Archipelago. A full 
size illustration of the leaf and fruit is given under the name 
Ncphelium or Liix'n-Nut. "Nut Culture in the United States," 
a United States Department of Agriculture publication by W, P. 
Corsa ' includes the lychee fruit as an introduced species under the 
name Leechee (Nephelium litchi Cambess) as it also does the 
Ramhutan (Nephelium lappaceum). It speaks of the lychee as a 
prodact generally on sale at Chinese shops in different cities and often 
called Chinese nut. An interesting and important account of its 
frost resisting qualities is given and the statement made that specimens 
of this fruit, grown in Florida, were on exhibit at the Rose and 
Strawberry Show of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, June 26, 
1883. 

The Pharmaceutical Review * of 1897 mentions under Sap- 
indaceae three of the important fruits of this family. It records 
under Longan" that the fruits are cultivated in Cuba from China 
and that they have a winy taste and are refrigerant; that " Ramb'istan " 

* Watt, George, A dictionary of economic products of India, Calcutta, 
printed bv the Superintendent of Government printing, 1889-1893, 6 volumes. 
Vol. 5, pages 346 and 347. 

^ Gforgeson, C. C, The economic plants of Japan in the American 
Gabden, an illustrated journal of horticulture, Vol. 12, No. 3, March, 1891, 
pages 269 and 270. 

' Corsa, W. P., Nut culture in the United States, embracing native and 
introduced species. Washington, Government printing office, 1896, page 
105. 

"* Pharmaceutical Review, formerly Pha^maceiitische Rundschau. 
Pharmaceutical Review Publishing Company, Milwavikee, 1897, Vol. 15, 
pages 89 and 90. 



EUEOPEAN AND AMERICAN LITERATURE 31 



are pulpy, sweet and edible, seeds narcotic, bitter; and that the fruit 
of " Litchi " is sweet, rather acid, refrigerant and pectoral and used 
to make refreshing adjuvenant drinks in treating slow fevers. 

F. W. Popenoe], in the 1917 Edition of L. H. Bailey's 
Standard Cyclopedia of Horiicuiiure, outlines the culture of the 
lychee, under * ' Litchi. ' ' He deals with the rambutan, pulassan and 
lonqan under Nephelium. At the time this work goes to press the 
Macmillan Company has in preparation a work by Wilson Popenoe 
on Tropical and Sub-Tropical Fruits, and among the hundred or 
more fruits discussed is the "Chinese litchi. " 

In the years 1915 and 1916 considerable interest in the lychee 
seems to have been manifested in Florida. A paper was read before 
the State Horticultural Society by W. S. Taylor ^ who also wrote articles 
for the Florida Times Union in an endeavor to arouse the people of 
his state to an interest in this fruit. 

The Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station issued a bulletin 
July 27, 1917, "The Litchi in Hawaii" by J. E. Higgins', 
Horticulturist. This work contains valuable information regarding 
some interesting experiments in propagation which were performed 
at that station and also with regard to insect enemies. This work 
has b?en a valuable contribution to the increasing interest which is 
now manifested in the lychee and lungan and it is frequently referred 
to in the body of this work. 

Popenoe, F. W., in The standard cyc'opedia of horticulture, edited 
bv L. H. Bailev, in six volu-nes, New York, The Macmillan Company, 1917, 
Vol. 4, pages 1891, 1892, 189.3 and 21.31. 

2 Taylor, W. S., Florida grower, July 17, 1915, and April 18, 1916; 
Florida times union, February 8 and 22 and March 2, 16 and 23, 1916. 

^ Hig-gins, J. E. The Litchi in Hawaii, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment 
Station, Bulletin No. 44, Washington, Government printing office, 1917. 



CHAPTER V 

BOTANY OF FOUR IMPORTANT SAIMNDACEOUS FRUITS 

The sub-family Nephelieae of the family Sapindaceae has for 
centuries provided the thickly populated regions of Southern Asia 
and the East Indies with four popular and refreshing fruits. These 
represent four distinct species which are grouped within three closely 
related genera, one each in Litchi and Euphoria and two in 
Nephelium. Each species is represented by a number of horticultural 
varieties which have been popularized by the inhabitants of the 
regions in which the fruits are grown, it is surprising that not one 
of these four fruits has ever been commercially introduced into the 
Western Hemisphere and that there is not found there a single 
cultivated fruit belonging to this family. The four fruits herein 
described should prove worthy introductions into any country where 
climate and soil are adapted to their culture. 

Of the four fruits of this study the lychee is doubtless the 
most widely known in foreign countries. As the dried, so-called 
"lychee nut " it is exported from China in considerable quantities. 
Foreign residents of southern China, and visitors who come here in 
the summer, always remember the lychee as the one distinctive fruit 
of this region. At no other place in the world, except to some 
extent in India, is the lychee grown as a commercial fruit. In 
China, in the provinces of Fukien and Kwangtung, the cultivation of 
the two sub-tropical species has developed into one of the largest 
fruit industries of the nation. 

The family Sapindaceae includes among its species the com- 
mon soapberry ^ and a large number of tropical and sub-tropical trees, 

' Thf family Sapindaceae is commonly known as the soapberry family 
and includes the ^enus Sapindiis. This name is said to be a contraction of 
Sapo Indicus, Indian soap, which has reference to the saponaceous character 
of the berries. The species found common in United States is S. acuminatui 
Raf. A very common species in China is .S'. tnukorosii Gaertn. commonly 
known as Mu Huan (7jct^>) or Wu Huan Tsu (^,^»^^) and widely used for 
soap. Herbert A. Giles in his Chinese-English Dictionary, page 632, says 
that the black seeds of this species are used as charms to drive awav demons 
•ind their pulpy skin as a detergfent. 



BOTANY OF FOUR IMPJKTANT SAPJNDACEOUS FRUITS JJ 



some of which bear edible fruit. The lijclKe and the lungdu are 
the two most important sub-tropical forms and the ramh titan and 
the pulassan are the two most hicrhly developed tropical' species. 
P'ormerly these four were usually y:rouped in the genus Ncplieliam 
with the names .v. litcJii, N. longana. N. lappac( nni^nd M . niuiabilc 
respectively. George Don (IS31-1838) ' , Miquel ( 1855-1 859 j - 
Hooker (1875)^, and Kurz (1877)"* give excellent outlines of 
Sltphdium under which they list the lychee and the lungan. 
Baillon ' in his work published in 1878, divides the Sapindaccac 
into eight series with 74 genera. His third series, SapiiKkuc, with 
40 genera includes the plants of this study. Recent botanists have 
placed the lychee and the lungan, according to characters which 
readily separate them from the rambutan and the pulassan and from 
each other, in the two separate genera Litchi and Euphoria. They 
continue to group the rambutan and the pulassan under X( pJidiuni. 
Radlkofer^' who has given the group the latest and best study has 
also followed this treatment. 

It is fortunate that this family of plants has been the life-long 
study of the botanist, Tyudwig Radlkofer, to whom we now look as 
the authority on the relationships of the lychee and the lungan. It 
is difficult to over-estimate the value of the kind of knowledge such as 
Radlkofer has collected and recorded in his numerous writings on the 
Sapindaccac. In experimenting with stocks on which to graft the 
lychee and also in hybridizing work, such knowledge is absolutely 
indispensable. As a result of Radlkofer' s careful investigations, the 
relationships of the lychee and the lungan to the other members of 

' Don, George, A i;eneral history of the Jich/amyJous plants. In fi>iii 
volumes. London, |. (}. and F. Riving-ton. 1831. Vol. I, jKig^t-s 654, 65o, 
H70 and 671. 

^ Miquel, Friedrich Anton ^'ilhelni. Flora van NeJerlanJsrh. htJir, 
Amsterdam, C. G. van der Post, 1859, pag^es 554, £55, 5-56 and 557. 

' Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton, Flora nf British India. London, L. Reeve 
& Co., 1875. 7 vol. Vol. 1 pages 686, 687, 688, 689 and 690. 

■* Kurz, Sulpiz, Forest flora of British Burma. Calcutta, Office of tlic 
superintendent of g-overninent printing, 1877. 2 volumes. Vol. 1, pages 
292-293 and 294. 

' Baillon, Henri F,rne^t, The natural history of plants, London, 1878, L. 
Reeve & Co., in 8 volumes. Vol. 5, pages 350, ?>77, 394, ;;y5 and 396. 

Radlkofer, Ludwig, SapinJaceae in die naturlichen Pflanz.enfa/ntlien, 
liegr. \on A Engler und K. Prantl. Leipzig, Verjag \o\\ Willielm Engelmann, 
1896. Ill Teil. 5. Alileilung, pages 328 to .334. 



.H THE LYCHEE AND I,UN(>AN 



the family are knovvn with a hiij;h deyjree of probability. For example 
we find the species most closely related to the lychee, Litchi 
cltiiu H&is Sonn, and hence of greatest promise for use as stock, is 
the Philippine wild lychee, Liichi pJiiiippiH' nsis Radlk. (fi^^. 2-, a 
large tree reaching a considerable height and growing on the hills 
and mountains at an altitude of 100-1700 feet. Fscudoiuphcliutn 
fumatuin (Bl. j Radlk. is also very closely related and may serve as 
a useful stock on which to grow the lychee. Considerable experi- 
mentation along this line has already been done with Euplioria 
longana Lam., to which the Philippine form, Euphona ciiuna 
Radlk. (fig. 3) is closely related. 

Radlkofer places the four fruits in the subfamily Xcpluinac 
which he divides into 12 genera with about 78 species. These he 
classifies under two main divisions. The one, which includes the 
four species widely cultivated for their edible arils, has indehiscent 
fruits and is limited to tropical and sub-tropical Asia and the northern 
islands of the Malayan Archipelago. The other, which includes the 
Titoki tree of New Zealand, has fruits opening spontaneously at 
maturity and occurs in Polynesia, Australasia, the southern islands of 
the Malayan Archipelago and in South Africa. No species of the 
latter is known to occur on the Asiatic mainland or on the neighbor- 
ing islands. The first of these groups, with fruits not opening 
spontaneously at maturity, is divided by Radlkofer into two sub-groups. 
The one, which includes the lychee and the lungan, has fruits with 
the arillus free from the seed. The other, which includes the 
rambutan and the pulassan, has fruits with the arillus adherent to the 
seed. This subfamily Ncphclieo,e^ with special reference to the four 
fruits with which we are concerned, can thus be represented as 
follows : 

I — Fruits indehiscent 

A — Fruits with arillus free from the seed 

1— The LYCHEE GROUP comprising the genera Litchi 
and Euphona, and two others, with a total of 15 species 
(see outline of Lychee Group). 

a — Ivcaflets with lateral veins obsolete. Calyx 1/5 
cleft; petals none. Fruit muricateand red. Litchi 
ehincnsis Sonn. (fig. 44), the lychee of com- 
merce. 



PLATE VI 




Figure 4. — Root System of a Mature Lychee Tree. 




Figure 5. — A F"lower Panicle of the Lychee. 



BOTANY OF FOUR IMPOKTANT SAPINDACEOUS FKUITS 35 



aa — Leaflets with lateral veins more or less conspicuous. 
Calyx 1/2 cleft; petals Hve. Fruit smaller than 
above, smooth and yellow. Eupliuria loit(/(f)i<i 
Lam., {fi\i. 59), the lun<ran of commerce. 

I>. — Fruits with arillus adherent to the seed 

2— The RAMBUTAN GROUP comprising the uenus 
X( plicliKin and two other trenera, including in all about 
.^5 species. 

a — Leaflets 2-12. Fruit echinate-muricate with lon<jf, 
hairy setae, 1/2 to 2 in. lon^; red, yellowish, 
oran<!;e or nearly black. X( phdiKin hippacdim 
Linn., the rambutan. 

aa — Leaflets 4-8. Fruit echinate-muricate with strong, 
rigid setae, 1 to 1 1/2 in. long; red; aril separates 
more readily from the seed than in the former. 
Xf^plidiitni HialdhiU lilume, the pulassan. 



1! — fruits dehiscent 

3_The TITOKI GROUP with 5 genera includum ui all 
about 28 species. 

Of the three groups above represented, the lychee group is of 
the most importance- inasmuch as it contains the species most com- 
monly represented in China and the Philippines and especially as it 
contains the two most highly prized and commercially developed of 
the four fruits. The titoki group is of no special signiflcancc in this 
study. 

THt Lychle Gr( up 

Litclii chinensi.s Soun. Voy. p. 230. il782) 

Litchi philippimsis Radlk. in Philip. Jouni. Sci. 8 
(C, 6): 458. (1913) 

OiompheliuHi stipalaccam Radlk. in Engl. <Sc Prantl. 
Natl. Pfl.-fam., 3.V:329. (1895) 

Nephelium stipulac cum Bedd. in Madras joiirn. 
ser. 3, no. iTpyT^r (1864) 

Fsciidoncplu'liion fumaiiDn Radlk. in Engl. <5c Piant. 
Natl. Pfl.-fam., 3.\^329. (1895j 



J6 THE LYCHEE ANJ) 1.UNGAN 



Xcplieliun i funtatuni B lume, Rumphia, 3:111. (1847) 
Euphoria I ongana Lam., Encycl. meth. 3:574. (17°lj 

Euphoria cim-rcn Radlk. , Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Milnch. 
8:299. (1878) 

Sap indus cine reus Turcz., Bui. Sue. Nat. Moscow, 
~ 31:402. (1858) 

Euphoria skllulatu Radlk., Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Munch. 
8:303. (1878) 

Kapindus st eUul a lus l ^urcz. , Bui. Sue. Nat. Moscow, 
3174 03 .^~a8'58T 

Euphoria (longala Radlk., Sap. Holl.-Ind. in Actes Conjir. 
Bot. Intern. Amsterdam. (Separate with new 
pagination) p. 7, 25. (1877 or 78?) 

Euphoria maiaitnsis Radlk., Sap. Holl.-Ind. in Actes 
Congr. Bot. Item. Amsterdam. (Separate with new 
pagination) p. 7, 72. (1877 or 78?) 

Euphoria G irdncri Bedd., Ic. PI. Ind. Or. p 67, pi. 285. 

(1874). 

Ncphtliuni Gurdneri T hwaites, Enum. PI. Zeyl. p. 
58. 1864 (N.B. The transfer in Benth. 5c 
Hook. 1867, p. 406 is not a valid tsf. ) 

Euphoria tch.inulala Rzdlk.. Rec. Bot. Surv, Ind. 3:347. 
(1907). 

Euphoria selosa Radlk., Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 3:347. 

(1907). 

Euphoria nephdioidis Radlk., Phil. [ourn. Sci. 8 i C, 6) : 
457. (1913). 

Euphoria fovcolata Radlk. , Phil. Journ. Sci. 8 iC, 6): 
457. (1913). 

Euphoria gracilis Radlk. in Elm. LeaHets Bot. 5:1606. 
(1913). 

Note: In cases of transfer tlie citation is given to tiie first description 
as well as to tlie transfer, and tlie former is inuicrlined. 



B0TA3^Y OF FOUR IMPORTANT SAP1NDACE0U8 FKni'lS .^7 



Botany of thk Lvchkf. 

Synonomy of Lirclii (:.lniitn>iis: 

La< I Ji chint nais Osh. Win. (1765) 
Litcki chinensis Sown. Voy. p. 230. ''1782) pi. 129 
iSc ytal-ia cliitunsin Gaertn. de. fruct. p. 197, (178S)pl. xlii 
Sa pindus e dttlis Aitoii. Hort. Kew. 2:36. (1789) 

Dtmocarptis Litr.hi Lour. Fl. Cochin (1790) (See 

ed. 2, p. 286-7) 
Eup hori a piDiioea Lam. Lncycl. mecli. 3:573. (1791) 

Fh^plwjia si njcnsis Gmd. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 13 (1796), 

2:61ir 
Euph oriii Lilchi Desf. D. C. Prod. 1:611. (1824) 

(OrDesf. Cat. 159, 1815.0 
Ncphdium Lit-chi Camb. in Mem. Mus. Par. 18:30. 

(1829) 
^ t^U Lali'i^ fALdn \lo\h. Fl. Ind. 2:269. (1832) 

Ncp heiiuiii d uriocarpits Anders. Fl. Behar, Asiat. Soc. 
~~"^eivzr327l99. (See Hook. Fl Brit. Ind. 688^ 
Dkscription 

The (>•(( as seen in cultivation ( h^. 6} is a handsome ever- 
trreen, 30-50 feet high with a naturally low head 15-30 feet broad 
and a short stocky trunk, which when mature reaches a diameter of 
3-4 feet. Seedling trees in the wild or semi-cultivation usually have 
a higher trunk and sometimes reach immense dimensions. In the 
hilly country of South China where trees have ideal growing condi- 
tions we have observed lychee trees 70 feet high, with a spread of 
head of 60 feet and a trunk girth, breast high, of 12 feet (figures 47 
and 48). There are numerous, crooked, low-hanging or spreading 
branches. The tree is glabrous in all its parts and has a smooth 
bark. The wood is brownish-red, heavy, and close grained and 
take> a fine polish. In Kwangtung it is commonly used for plow 
handles and for grain-mill parts. Roxburgh' says, "independently 

' Roxburg-h, William, F/ora InJiai; or descriptions of InJian plants 
Serampore, printed for VV. Thackt-r i^' Co., C'.iioiitta, 1832. 2 \oliimc:-. 
Vol. 2, pao-e 27(1. 



38 THE LYCHEE AN]) I.UNGAN 



of the well known fruit of this tree, it is hiy;hly ornamental, beinu 
one of the most permanent evergreens we have in India. ' ' It certain- 
Iv provides a marked feature of much of the beautiful Kwansituny; 
landscape. 

The rooLs are fibrous, c.xtendinii in ail directions to about the 
vridth of the tree and providini*; a thick net-work of ^frowth ifiu. 4). 

The I'oiutfji for the y;reater part of the year is of a deep 
y;reen, laurel-like appearance. In winter or spring the new urowth 
flushes forth a beautiful orano;e foliage ( Rid<>evvay, Plate ii, 90 R-O 
Mars Orantre), which forms quite a contrast in the appearance of the 
tree. The leaves are compound, .^-9 inches lony;, petioled and 
abruptly pinnate. In general appearance the Chinese often compare 
them to those of the camphor and cinnamon trees. LiCi/lfts 2-10 
(mostly 5, 6 and 7) usually opposite, shortly petioled, oblong or 
oblong-lanceolate, entire, coriaceous, tapering to a hne point, base 
cuneate. They are very smooth and glossy above, glaucous beneath 
and of a firm texture, with netted veins, the lateral ones almost 
obsolete. 

Flowers small and numerous, forming a large, oblong, 
terminal and leafless panicle (tig. 5) of the length of the leaves or 
longer. These are ramous and erect or ascending. 1 he small 
greenish-white or yellowish flowers, 1/12 to 1/8 inch wide are on 
some trees mostly hermaphrodite while on others mostly male. 
They quickly turn brown and are not of a pleasing odor. They 
open in China in March and April, and in Bengal and British Burma 
in February and March. Valyx small, cup-shaped, four, rarely five 
toothed and both sides downy. Petals none. In both the hermaph- 
rodite and male flowers there is a large fleshy, crenulate gland, the 
Mclarij, into which the stamens and pistil are inserted. I^ianicns 
from 6-10. Filaments in the hermaphrodite flowers short, pubescent 
and spreading and in the male flower almost three times as long. 
Anthers shorter than filaments, roundish and tvvo-lobed. Ovary 
superior, elevated on a short column, two-lobed, pubescent, two- 
celled, each containing a single ovule. Style erect, rather short and 
hairy. Htignvi two cleft, divisions revolute. 

• 

Fruil 1-2 lobed, the lobes usually solitary by abortion ; \ery 

rarely paired. They are round or oval about 1 to li inches in 

diameter with a thin, leathery, bright red muricated pericarp which 

becomes quite brittle when dried. Next under it is the edible 



BOTANY OF FOUR IMPOKTANT SAPINDACEOUS FKUITS .^9 



portion which is the delicious, sub-acid, semi-transparent, jelly-like 
aril which covers the seed. This aril is usually of an azure white or 
light yellow appearance which in some varieties inclines to a pink. 
The sted is single, oblong, smooth and brown and loosely affixed at 
the base to the pulpy aril. It is rudimentary ia some varieties, when 
the Chinese speak of it as like a chicken tongue, and quite large in 
others. The nnbnjo is erect without perisperm. 

The lychee might be described a little more fully as a fruit 
which in size is about that of a very large strawberry or of a small 
English walnut; it inclines a little more to the elliptical of the straw- 
berry than to the oval of the walnut. When the fruit is fresh the 
skin has the toughness of a thick-skinned grape but when dried snaps 
open with the brittleness of a very thin, paper-shelled almond. The 
skin is leathery and of various textures and always tends toward a 
verrucose surface with angular tubercle^. 

The different types vary in color from that of a highly tinted 
strawberry to the greener tint of a plum. The fruits form somewhat 
in clusters, hut are not bunched as in the grape. When fresh the 
lychee breaks open and is eaten much like the grape. The flavor 
and texture of the lychee might be described as midway between the 
juicy sweetness of a highly cultivated grape and the sub-acidity of a 
cherry. Some varieties are noted for their delicate, rose-scented 
fragrance. In the dried form the fruit suggests somewhat the taste 
and character of a large dried raisin from which the paper-shelled 
covering must first be removed. In this form some have compared 
its taste to that of a large dried cherry or grape. 

The usual Jiabiial of the cultivated lychee is on the foothills 
or along the banks or dykes of streams of sub-tropical regions. 
Although its precise indigenous stations have not been ascertained it 
is doubtless native to South China and grows especially well in 
Kwangtvmg and Fukien. A sour, hardy variety, known as the 
"mountain lychee " or "shan chih" (|ljj^) is found in a semi-wild 
state in Kwangtung. The lychee is also found in Kwangsi and 
Szechwan, and in Hongkong, Formosa and Hainan. Introduced 
from South China it is now widely cultivated in India, especially in 
the Bengal region and in British Burma. The lychee in cultivation, 
at its best, is a low-akitude, water-loving plant, especially valuable 
for planting along the dykes of streams in sub-tropical areas where 
heavy frosts do not occur. 



4U THE LYCHEE AND J.UNGAN 



Botany of the Lungan 

Synonomy of Ei(plioriti longnna as outlined by Karl Ludwiii 



Blur 



XiplK liinn LoiKj-ijaii Blume. 

S< pJtdiain Lonqana Camb. in Mem. A [us. d'hist. Nat. 
XVIU, p. 50. 

ycplK'li.Kin Longand Hook, in Curt. Bot. Majr. tab. 
4096. -Walp. Repert. bot. V. p. 564. 1. 

Xcph<liu)n LonguHum \V\^ht et Arn. Prodr. Flor. 
Penins. Ind. Or. p. 115.1. Walp. Repert. bot. 1. 
p. 420. 4. 

Xephdiiitn Botgakn.sc G. Don in Mill. bot. et gard. 
Diet. 1. p. 670. 

Scgtalia Lungan Roxb., Flor. Ind. II. p. 270. 

liinia Noronh. in Verb. Batav. Gen. V. (1790). llima 
(i)iuainoni(a s. Linkinsi M. S. 

Diniocarpus Longan, Lour. Flor. Cochinch. (ed. 
Willd.) p. 288.2-Ait. Hort. Kew. (ed. 2). p. 
554.2. Trans. Hort. Soc. II. tab. 28. 

Euphofia Longan Lam., Enc. bot. III. p. 574.2-De 
Cand. Prodr. Syst. Veo;. I. p. b\l. 2. 

Euphoria Lon-gan Juss. Gen. Plant, p. 248-Spr. Svst. 
Ves. II. p. 222.2.-Lindl. Bot. Ret-, tab 1729. 

Longannts vulgu Lungunio' Buchoz Icon. col. tab. 99. 

Long-y< n Hist, des Voyag. VI. p. 457. 

Latng-an Osb. Itin. (ed. Germ.) p. 251. 

lijugan, v. Djiigan, vulgo DjiKpin Kaempf. Amoenit. 
exol. p. 817. 

' Blume, Karl Liidwig, Rumphia\ sive, ComiTientationes hatanicae 
im])rimis de plantis Iiidiae Orientalis, turn penitus incojjiiiti's turn t|iiae in 
libris Rliedii, Rumphii, Roxburghii, Wallicliii alioriinique leceiisentur. 

Scripsit C. L. Blume cognomine Rumphius Liigduni Batavnrum, 

prostat Amstelodami, apud C. G. Sulpke; 1835-48. 4 volumes. Tomus 
Tertius, pag-e lOS. 



r.JTANY OF lOl'U LMl'OUTAXT SAl'lXDACEOl^S FliUITS 41 



Laiig!j(ii of Dnu hs-oo(j< (oculus Draconis) Dapper 
Beschr. Sin. p. 209. 

Liiiiiijoi Jonst. Dendr. p. 475. 

ljUi)uj()i, 15oym. in Flor. Sinens. 

Long I) an V. Long yen, \uhro Lung \j<n, etpronuiieiatioiie 
Japonica Riu gnn., i.e. oculus Draconis. 

Note: Eufi/wria Li/c//! {haud Jwss!) Blanc. Flor. Filij). )>. 285 
and Boa s. Bohoa, Boasbas Camell. in Raj. Hist. Plant. Ill in 
App. p. 52. 14 have been eh'niinated from this synonomy 
inasiniich as they do not belong here. 

Radlkofer places this species under Euphoria and as such 
<)ives it the name Euphoria longana from Lamarack, Encgclupdlia 
Uithodique ,^:574 published in 1791. As outlined under the lychee 
trroup there are ten other species in this y;enus of which Euphoria 
cincrca (fig.-i), a Philippine form, is especially worthy of closer 
study. This species is an edible form closely allied to the lunjran 
and known in the Philippines as the "alupay;. " 

This fact that there are in addition to the Chinese lunjran 
other edible species with which to hybridize it, makes the field for 
the creation of new forms of this hardier species a very promising 
one. The possibilities of using these forms as stock on which to 
graft the lychee, as well as the possibilities of hybridizing, make 
imperative a systematic study and careful collection of all these 
interesting species. 

Description 

The tree of the lungan, at its best, is a somewhat more hand- 
some ornamental with higher head and spreading branches. The 
bark of the tree is decidedly corky instead of smooth as in the case of 
the lychee. The branches seem more brittle but the wood is not so 
hard or highly prized by the Chinese as in the case of the lychee. 

The foliage is usually of a darker green than is that of most 
varieties of the lychee. In early winter it Hushes forth a beautiful 
garnet brown young growth ( Ridgeway, Plate i, 3 O. R. Garnet 
Brown) which at once is a distinguishing characteristic from the 
orange flush of the lychee (Ridgeway, Plate ii, 9 OROO Mars 
Orange > . The h arts are compound, alternate, petioled and pinnate. 



42 THE LYCIIEK AND LUXUAN 



They a/erj^* 4-8 iiuhes Ioti<j!:. The Irji/Icis which are opposite or 
alternate are of a more oval oblong outhiie than the lanceolate of the 
lych'C; and their point is less sharp Unlike the lychee the maririn 
of the leafl 'ts is decidedly wavy. Tne lateral veins are numerous 
and u ilik? th ^ Ivche- are very promi lent. The leaflets are smooth 
on to,) and tarn shed or somewhrtt pube>Cc;nt underneath. 

The /lowers are small but lartjer than the lychee and arranged 
on velvety, slisrhtly angular flower stalks. Flowers yellowish-brown. 
The calyx is hairy outside and divided into Ave parts. Petals five, 
rarely six; pubescent. Filaments pubescent; anthers glabrous. The 
ovary is divided into two, sometime three, parts. The lobes are 
quite large, rounded and velvety. The style is thick and stigma 
short and somewhat double. The fruits are rounded, of a yellow 
brown color and almost smooth on the surface. T he flavor of the 
fruit is not so delicate as the lychee but more vinous. The seed is 
rounded, of a beautiful black color and marked at the base with a 
white orbicular spot which gives it the appearance of an eye, giving 
it the name dragon eye." 

In South China there are many varieties of the lungan, the 
cultivated forms being usually grafted. The lungan is not only 
valuable as a fruit tree but is a beautiful ornamental, especially in the 
winter when it flushes forth its beautiful garnet brown young foliage. 

The lungan is a native to South China and is found growing 
at higher latitudes and higher altitudes than the lychee. It thrives 
much better on higher ground than the lychee and endures more 
frost. It is rarely found growing along the dykes of streams as is the 
lycheee but does especially well on high ground near ponds. 

The Lungi.y ( fi,^ > — .1 Luxqan-lijclKj liybrid 

Various Chinese writers refer to what is apparently a hybrid 
between the lungan and the lychee, and which they call the Jungly. 
In the Annals of Kwangsi ' attention is called to this fruit, where it 
is said that the lungly tree and leaf have some of the characteristics 
of both the lungan and the lychee. The pericarp is said to be like 
the lychee but the meat like the lungan. They are not considered 
good but can be eaten after cooking. When eaten raw they are said 
to produce great quantities of mucus in the throat which produces a 
sickness in the eater. They bear fruit at the time of the lychee. 

' KwHiigsi T'ung Chill (^HMr^O In Chi Ching {^1^\, ISdd, Volmiir 



BOTANY OF FOUK liMrOKTANT SAPIXDACEOUS FKUITS 4J 



Two Fruits of the Rambutan Group 

The two fruits of the rambutan irroup are distinct from the 
two of the lychee sroup in that they are tropical instead of subtropical 
forms and that the arillus is adherent instead of free from the seed. 
Chinese liviny: in the Straits Settlements report that these two tropical 
fruits consist of many varieties but that none are so delicious as the 
lychee. Their chief criticism of these fruits is that the aril adheres 
more tightly to the seed and that there is a large quantity of rag 
which cannot be swallowed. 

Botanical descriptions of the ranihtUan, Ncphtliiini lap- 
pact uni Linn., and the palas^an, Neplulium mutabilc Blume, are 
not attempted here. VV. P. Hiern ^ in Hooker's Flora of British 
India gives complete botanical descriptions. Bertha Hoola van 
Nooten ^ has pictured the fruit, flowers and leaves of the rambutan 
on a full page plate. The rambutan is pictured with long, hairy 
setae. The pulassan is said to have strong, rigid setae. This fact is 
interesting in view of the rudimentary marks of setae on the lychee 
and the complete absence in the lungan. 

' Hieni, W. P., in Hooker, Sir Joseph Daltoii, Tlic Flora of British 
India, assisted by various botanists. London, L. Reeve &; Co., 1875, 7 
volumes. Vol. 1, pages 687 and 688. 

^ Nooten, Madam Berthe Hoola Van, Fleurs, fruits et feuillages rlioisis 
de la flore et de la pomone de Tile de Java; peints d'apres nature par 
Madame Berthe Hoola van Nooten. Bruxelles, E. Tarlier, 1863. Issued 
in 1(1 parts in French antl English. 



CHAPTER VI 

TlIK SOU'ni CHINA UKdlON, TIIK IIOMK 

OF THE 

LYCHEE AND LUNCiAN 

The South China region, as usually considered, comprises 
six of the provinces of China, with a total area of 475, OUU square 
miles and a population of 92,U0U,Un(). There is orown in this 
region a wide range of grain, vegetables and fruit. The lychee is 
decidedly the most popular fruit of the whole section. But it cannot 
be successfully grown in some of these provinces, only partially so 
in others, and extensively in but two, Kwangtung M^i) and Fukien 
(iPiA^). A few districts of Kwangsi (^^H) produce the lychee but 
not m great quantities. Chinese literature points to the fact that in 
Yunnan (Mj$i^ "t has been successfully grown in only one district. 
Szechwan IMllO to the northwest, and geographically not included 
in the provinces of South China, produces an inferior type. In 
Cochin-China to the south, now a French possession, the fruit is 
known to do well and it will grow as far south as Siam. It is also 
produced in Forn;osa, the island belonging to Japan off the coast of 
Fukien province and it thrives exceedingly well in Hainan, the island 
belonging to China off her south-east coast. The lungan, not so 
highly prized as the lychee, is nevertheless usually found contiguous to it. 

Kwangtung and Fukien are the two great lychee and kmgan 
provinces. Fhey cover an area of 150,000, square miles and they 
support a population of 55,000,000. Cantonese and Fukienese 
greatly prize the lychee and have consequently highly developed it. 
A study of the history and literature of these two provinces interest- 
ingly discloses that for centuries these people have striven with one 
another for supremacy in lychee culture and in the export trade. It 
is a fact worthy of note that in both these provinces the districts 
which have been most successful are those which, at low altitudes, 
lie close to the rivers and coast. The world-wide distribution of 
these fruits in dried and canned form is accounted for by the fact 
that these districts are those from which ha\'e come most of the 
Chinese emigrants. 

44 



PLATE VII 




iMGLfRE (). — Rice Field with Lichee Trees along Inner and Outer Dykes. 




Figure 7. — Limb of Lychee Tree over Lotus Pond. 



PLATE VIII 



^'-^::^^-^::£r^ .^^^^ms^: 



Figure 8. — Cantonese Women Harvesting Sagittaria in Muddy Field Bordered 

with Lychee. 







FicLKE 9. — Fish-Ponds along the Pearl River Bordered vvuh Lxchee. 



PLATE IX 




Figure io. — Lychee Trees along Walled Dykes ot Pearl River. 




Figure ii. — Lvchee Trees Withstand the Pearl River in Flood. 



PLATE X 




Figure 12. — Attractive Walk along Lxchcc Dykes 




Figure 13. — Lycliee and Plum Planted across Dyked Fields. 



THE SOUTH CHINA KEGK^N 45 



It is thus s-r^eii that although the lychec; may thrive best in 
only specially favored delta regions, its culture is nevertheless possible 
over a decidedly wide range of sub-tropical territory. The writer is 
best acquainted with the Canton delta and has described and pictured 
it as ideal for Ivchet- culture. 

'I'he Canton delta is the most densely populated and intejisive- 
ly cultivated region in the world and here the lychee is found in its 
most varied and highly cultivated forms. Jts culture has developed 
into an industry and whole \illages give themselves over almost 
entirely to its propagation, cultivation and drying. The delta, some- 
times called the delta of the Pearl river is a sub-tropical region. Vlt 
has baen formed b> th;- deposits of the North, West and P^ast rivers^ 
which for centuries have deposited their burdens of mud and silt over 
this area, as chcy break into numerous creeks and canals before they 
finally flow out into the South China sea. When these rivers are 
high, and the ocean tide holds back their waters, the whole area is 
subject to devastating floods which the lychee, unlike many other 
trees, very successfully resists. The fields and homes of the delta 
are protected by numerous dykes which are often held in place by 
extensive plantations of the lychee. Both outer and inner dykes are 
constructed and the area between, termed in Cantonese a " waai 
(®), which cannot be 'drained except when the tide is very low, is 
used for rice iftg. b), water chestnuts, lotus (fig. 7) or sagitaria 'fig. 
8\ In fallow years it is filled with water and stocked with young 
fish (fig. 9) which increase fertility and which are later sold at a 
great profit if floods ha\e not carried them awa\ . 

The outer dykes are often held in place by stone reinforce- 
ment and by lychee trees (ng. 10), the roots of which are shallow 
feeders and help to bind the earth. They are thus able to withstand 
floods of great force, som.e conception of which can be gotten by 
observing the ripples in the water (fig. 11). The waters covered 
the roots of these trees for eight days with no serious results even 
though they were in fruit. Atid indeed trees seem to thrive best 
when the roots are subjected to the periodic submerging of the tide 
waters. These are some of the typical conditions under which the 
best lychee in ICwangtung are grown The dykes are often use<l as 
promenades for which the trees make a beautiful setting even when 
old and neglected (fig. 12). Intercropping is often practiced on the 
wider dykes through the center of which is a path, often a public 
roadway. In the illustration lychee trees with their young spring 
growth of twigs are seen on the left nnd plum trees, in blos'^oni, are 
on the ri'jht ( Hg. 1 .•! - . 



46 'PHI': lACJiKK A.\i> ja;n<;an 



1 lirous>:hout north and south China the special product of this 
Canton delta is commonly called "Iving Nan" lychec (|^i^^^). 
Lin^j Nan (^]^' is a ran^re of mountains extendin(>; from western 
China throujjh Kvveichow, Hunan and Kwano;si, along the northern 
borders of Kwanj^tuno; to Fukien. The name " Lintr Nan "' is also 
applied to an educational institution, the Canton Christain Colley;e 
(^^■k$), which has appropriately centered its attention upon the 
lychee. Beautifully situated on the Pearl river, three miles south-east 
of Canton city, the college farm offers ideal conditions for experi- 
ments in both wet and dry culture of the lychee. The college has 
acquired river-bottom land, surrounded by dykes upon which are 
growing mature trees of the " Waai chi^^ '?^J5c) variety. When 
these dykes at Ling Nan (|t|^) are in fruit they present an interest- 
ing sight. Students gladly purchase the fruit by the tree paying hand- 
some prices and perch in the branches and enjoy a luscious repast 
(rtg, 14). 

When the dykes are in fruit the trees must be protected by 
crop watchers, who both day and night remain in straw sheds con- 
structed close to the trees (lig. 15j. This custom is followed 
throughout the delta for each farmer must provide his own crop 
protection, and lychee fruits are the favorite prey of marauders. Not 
all the fruit of the college is sold by the tree, some being picked and 
packed into characteristic and convenient bamboo baskets used by the 
Cantonese farmers (fig. 16). Each student makes a careful study of 
the fruit (tig. 17) and each class anxiously looks forward to its lychee 
practicum (fig. 18). No inducement is necessary to popularize the 
"Ling Nan " lychee among the American and European staff. 

Some idea of the districts and places in which the lychee and 
lungan are produced, especially those in Kwangtung, may be gained 
by turning to the Bibliography of Chinese References in Appendix I. 



PLATE XI 




Figure 14. — Canton Christian College Students PKkinL' I.Nchee along the Dykes. 




Figure 15. — Crop Watcher and His Thatched Hut along the 1)\ kc- 



PLATE XII 




Figure i6. — Baskets of Ling Nan Lychee Ready for ALirket. 




Figure 17. — Fruiting Clusters of Ling Nan Lychee. 



PLATE XIV 




Figure 19. — A Heavily Fruiting Limb of Lychee. 




Ihe Lychee, a Heavy Bearer. 



CHAPTER VII 
SOME IMl'OKTANT LIXU NAN fA'ClllOE CKNTEUS 

111 the Linir Nail l^j^^j rejfioii there are many places famous 
for lychce and lungan production. Interestinji customs and history 
are in many cases connected with the lychee and Uinuan industry of 
these places. The districts of Nan Hai (Nam Hoi f^f^), Pan Yu 
(P'un l^ #^), lunu Kuan (Tun^ Kun >|i:^), and Isenji Ch'iny; 
( rsanc Shin^ i^i^) are especially noted in this connection. 

Li Chih Wan i'^M.M^ '■ Canton's Public Fruit Park 

Fruit parks near some of our laryc western cities might 
prove profitable or philanthropic investments for those interested in 
public welfare. The city of Canton has such an open-air resort, 
privately managed by individual landholders as a commercial proposi- 
tion. Li Chih Wan (J>ai Chi Wan ^XW), ideally located in P'an 
Fany: (P'un T'one: vt^), at the extreme northwest of Canton city, 
provides an ideal pleasure place for the people of this city, especially 
for those of Si Kuan (Sai Kwan M|§), the aristrocratic western 
suburb. P'an T'ang (Pun T'ong vt^) is low and abounds in quiet 
streams which are particularly adapted to boating. Throughout Li 
Chih Wan T>ai Chi Wan ^>t^) the banks and dykes of these streams 
are planted with lychee. Owners of the different sections vie with 
one another in securing trees of the best varieties and types. Li Chih 
Wan iLai Chi Wan ^>c^) is a favorite rowing park and when these 
trees are in fruit it is visited by thousands who glide up and down the 
streams in little boats, purchasing from care-takers the fresh fruits of 
these trees. Sometimes special parties will procure in advance the 
privilege of securing all the fruit of one tree and will on some special 
occasion repair to its shade for a family picnic. These trees are 
given the best cultural attention possible, resulting in some magnificent 
specimens Tfigures 19 and 20). 'Fhc dykes are carefully maintained 
and the trees, when in fruit, are protected from the ravages of birds 
by meshed wire stretched across high poles which have been placed 
about the trees (figure 21 ). Rustic stone steps lead from the streams 
to the paths of these dykes (figure 21). Flere and there along the 
banks small bamboo structures are provided during the fruiting season 

47 



4« iiii: l.^•t;m:K and i.i .\c;an 



for the si'veciul sale of the fruits. Within, tables are provided and an 
attendant is quite ready and able to tell one the characteristic merits 
ox each variet> of fruit. The fruit is sold by the catty (one and 
one-third pounds) and boat loads of people row up to the steps of 
these stands, purchase the fruit and atjain row out into midstream to 
enjoy it. 

Under these unusual conditions it is not surprising, that the 
fruit produced in this region brings high prices because of the demand 
which has been so uniquely created. 1 he wealthier classes of 
Canton, many of whom li^e in close proximity to Li Chih Wan 
(Lai Chi Wan ^'MMJ, invest liberally in this project as it brings them 
good returns and at tiie same time pixnidcs considerable pleasure. 

Cm.v 'Lanc. S/, ( ^i^nL : An K.xriNsp}. L\chh. 
Prodl'cinc; IIechon 

Canton city falls within two districts. I he western part is 
located in Nan Hai (Nam Hoi ]^i^) and the eastern part in Pan Yu 
(P'un U ^m). Li Chih Wan (Lai Chi Wan ^^m) to the north- 
west is in Nan Hai (Nam Hoi ]^^). l^it to the southeast in the 
district of Pan Yu (P'un L^ ^t^ ; is a region far more extensi\e in 
its produrtirt! than Li Chih Wan ( Lai Chi Wan f^^^ ) . 

Canton city is located on the northern shore of tl^e Pearl 
river. Opposite the city, and extending southeastward is the island 
of Honan (Honam Mitf), dividmg the Pearl river into what are 
known as the upper and the lower reaches. Along the northern 
face of this island is a low ridge of hills, upon several of which the 
Canton Christian College '|tit^:^${$) is situated. The southern 
and southeastern sections of Honan island are extremely low and 
well watered and are protected from the northern winds by this low 
ridge of hills. The whole situation is specially favored for lychee 
culture of the water type. The region has been skillfully dyked and 
the rich, delta soil has been raised up in beds which are twenty to 
thirty feet wide and with ditches or canals ten to fifteen feet wide, 
and five or ten feet deep, intervening. These beds are then planted 
in fruit: lychee, pummelo, oranges, carambola, guava and other 
fruits. A view of these wonderful orchards, taken from the foot- 
hills to the north, is indeed impressive; especially in the spring when 
the odor of the citrus blossoms is wafted across on the southern 
breezes. But whe^n one tries to enter these orchards he finds rhem 



SOME IMPORTANT LING NAN LYCHEE CENTERS 49 



almost impenetrable because of the labyrinth of canals and ditches 
formed by the raisint,^ up of the beds of earth upon which the fruit is 
^rown. 

This region, including the whole island of Honan is known 
as Chiao T'anti Sz (Kau T'onir Sz ^i^if]) which is one of the main 
divisions of Pan Yu ( P'un U ^r^) district. The orchard practices of 
this section provide fascinatintj studies and the fruit industry therein 
found has given renown to such places as Lun T'ou (Lun T'au 
•MM), Tu Hua (T'o Wa ±m), Pei Shan (Pak Shan 4bllj), Li 
Chiao (Lik Kau M'^U) and Shang Yung (Sheung Ch'ung ±?i). 
Most of the inhabitants of these places are farmers who are well 
acquainted with this particular type of ' water farming." They 
deserve great credit for the success they attain under such peculiar 
orchard conditions. There are about twenty varieties of the lychee 
grown in this region and very little grafting is practiced, almost all of 
the trees being propagated by the method known as "Chinese air- 
layering.' ' 

Lo Kamg Tung (M^M) '■ A Mountainous Lychee Country 

In striking comparison to the low, dyked land of Chiao 
T'ang Sz (Kau T'ong Sz Ig^n]), so famous for its lychee orchards 
planted on raised beds of rich, delta soil, are the terraced hills and 
mountains of Lo Kang Tung (Lo Kong Tung SJSiIviBl). Here is to be 
found another interesting type of fruit culture very different from that 
of the low, delta regions and proving clearly the ability of the 
Chinese peasant to adapt his culture to whatever his conditions are. 

Lo Kang Tung (Lo Kong Tung HIMJfia]) also in Pan Yu 
(P'un U #1^) district, but in the division known as Lu Pu Sz (Luk 
Po Sz ^ij/o]), is northeast of Canton city and is easily accessible. 
The region known under this name comprises thirty-six villages the 
surname of all of the inhabitants of which is Chung (tf). The 
region is well favored in that it is high and well drained and has a 
southeastern exposure, a high range of hills protecting it on the north. 
This country is visited yearly by hundreds of people from Canton city, 
especially in December when apricot and plum are in flower. The 
sight of these trees rivals that of cherry blossom season in Japan. 
Lo Kang (Lo Kong M^) is readily reached by rail from Canton by 
disembarking at Nan Kang (Nam Kong i^j^), the fifth station east of 
Canton on the Canton Kowloon Railway. From this station there is 
a crude narrow-gauge branch line running northward. 0\er this one 



50 THK L\CHEK AND LliNtiAN 



enjoys a thrilling ride to Lo Kany- Hsu (Lo Kong Hu M\t^\i^', a 
market town and center of the whole region. Several miles beyond 
this in the hills is a temple known as Lo Feng Ssu ( Lo Fung Tsz 
M%^^ ill which a traveller can readily find accomodation for the 
night or for days if he so desires and has made provision for his own 
food and bedding. 

Lo Kang Tung (Lo Kong Tung M\i^M) is noted for its fruit 
production, especially the lychee and lungan, mei ( mui ^j — 
I'vunus nuiiiu S 6c Z, Wulan (U lam X^^) — Canarium pinicia 
Koen, Pai Ian (Pak lam ^^) — Canarium album (Lour.) 
Raench, Feng li (Fung lut E^) — Casianopsis molhssima III and 
Shih (Tsz jiii) — Diospijros 1,-aki L. These fruits are sometimes 
planted in orchards at the foot of the hills, but most of the hills 
and mountains have been terraced by this industrious people and thus 
are made useful for fruit growing. The level beds, fifteen to twenty 
feet wide, follow the line of the hills and each step, perpendicular to 
the bed, is four to six feet high (figure 22). On these beds the 
fruit trees are planted with exceedingly good results but with little 
uniformity of kind of fruit or of distance between the trees. In the 
lychee season the sight is magnificent and as described by the Chinese 
is "like a red cloud. " Lo Kang (Lo Kong BM) is especially famous 
for its production of No mi chih (Mo mai t'sz UAi^) and Kuei wei 
(Kwai mi ;^b:jc) varieties, although the village of Shui Si Ts'un (Shui 
SaiTs'un7jt?!H^) is especially noted for Ya niang hsieh (A neung hai 
^^H) and Chiang chunli (Tseungkwan lai )l^^^). Inthis whole 
section the success of the lychee industry is doubtless due to a 
method of propagation which, the people have discovered, brings 
excellent results and which is not practiced so extensively at other 
places. The Shan chih (Shan chi jlilj^) or mountain variety is used 
for stock and after the trees have attained a trunk diameter of four to 
eight inches and are firmly established they are cleft grafted to the 
better varieties. The people of this whole country are well acquaint- 
ed with lychee and lungan culture and many of the dried lychee and 
lungan for export are produced here. 

Tseng Ch'ing i.^1^) : The Homk of a Lychee or 
National Fame 

Over the ridge of hills on the north of Lo Kang iLo Kong;^lpsj) 
is the district of Tseng Ch'ing (Tsang ShingifJ^), famous, too, for its 
lychee production ; especially so because it is the home of the renown- 
ed Kua lu (Kwa luk ^W<) or "Hanging green'* lychee. This 



PLATE XV 




Figure 21. — The Lychee Protected from Bats by Wire Netting. 




Figure 22. — Tenaccil Hillsides of Lo Kang Planted to Lychee and Canarium. 



PLATE XVI 




Figure 23. — Stockade Surrounding Famous Kua lu (Hanging-green) Lychee. 




Figure 24. — Bamboo Fence and Net Provide the Kua lu (Hanging-green) Lychee 
with Additional Protection. 



SOMK IMl'OKTANT LlN<i xNAN lA'CIIKK CKNTKHS 51 



,lychee country is more rt-Hciily accessiblf by procet-diii": to Shik 
t'aii (Shek t'an JiM^ <-"i i^be Canton Kcjwloon Railway and from 
there proceeaiii'j; up the I'saiiu river to the city oF Tsenu Ch'inii 
Hsien imifim.^- 

Arri\inu at this city one will ha\ e little trouble to locate the 
famous lychee tree. Outside of the west y;ate of the city, near a 
small garden and a temple, theit will be found a small group of 
lychee trees. Here will be found the original and famous Kua lu 
(Kwalulc ?:y.|?< ) tree, of which it is said there has never been another 
like it. In this garden there are only Hfteen lychee trees. I'Durteen 
of them are Huai chih (Wai chi v'fgfe) and the hfteenth is tlie Kua lu 
(Kwa luk :!$H^<). 

It is not strange that this famous lychee tree is \ery carefully 
guarded for in the year that we visited it the fruit of the tree was 
selling at twenty-four dollars per catty (one and one-third pounds). 
The tree was protected by two fence's and a net (figures 23 and 24). 
First there was a large enclosure of heavy poles (figure 23) ; then a?i 
inner enclosure of bamboo fencing and finally the net thrown over 
the tree (figure 24). These precautions are necessary not only to 
keep thieves away but to prevent people from propagating from the 
tree. This tree is said to produce fruit noted for its wonderful taste 
and fragrance. But fruit produced from layers taken from this tree 
and growing in the same district is said to be of \ery inferior quality 
when compared to the fruit of this tree. The Chinese in the 
vicinity attribute this fact to the peculiar soil conditions surrounding 
this tree which they think cannot be duplicated elsewhere, even 
within a distance of a few yards. The tree is said to be several 
thousand years old and its present growth shows evidences of new 
growths which have shot out from the old trunk. Its shape is 
described by the Chinese as one side like the "dragon's head " and 
the other side as resembling a "peacock's tail." Before the in- 
auguration of the •Republic of China the fruit of this tree was either 
sent to the Emperor or found its way into the hands of officials. In 
those days many so-called Kua lu ( Kwa luk ^,t|<) fruits were exhibited 
as curiosities but most of them were deceptions. In modern times 
the Chinese pay less attention to these rare curiosities of China's 
past. 

This district of 'j'seng Ch'ing ( Tsang Shing i^i^'' comprises 
a beautifully hilly country nestling close to the famous Lo Fou ( Fo 
Fau ^v'PUi > mountain. Fungan and lychee thri\'c especially well 



52 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



in this section and many majjnificent trees of both can be seen. . 
Many varieties of both fruits are reported from this section and there 
are some other special varieties seUin^ at fabulous prices. 



Fang Yung (Eji^: A Lychee Nursery Village 



The lychee industry is so extensive in Kwangtun^ as not only 
to warrant the acquisition of special tracts of land for its culture and 
sale, but likewise for its propa'^ation. Tsenij Ch'ini>; ( Tsantr Shin^ 
^il^) and Tung Kuan (Tung Kun ^^) are perhaps the two most 
famous Ling Nan lychee districts. In the heart of the latter is the 
village of Fang Yung (Fung Chung MJS'? quite widely noted 
throughout the Canton region for two great achievements: the 
production of lychee nursery stock and the proud possessor of a 
citizen who, under the old order, secured the T'an Hua (^^B) or 
third scholarship degree from Peking. When I first met Fang 
Yung's (Fung Chung's MfS'' energetic lychee promoter and 
nurseryman he eagerly told me of their wonderful trees and of the 
fact that he is a relative of Kwangtung's famous scholar and 
official. 

Sin T'ang (San T'ong M^) a city of 20,000 inhabitants and 
a large center for lychee and lungan trade, is on the Canton-Kowloon 
Railway only about twenty-one miles east of Canton city. Sin 
T'ang (San T'ong ^^) exports large quantities of these fruits to 
Singapore and abroad. The railway station is quite a distance from 
the city which is located on the north bank of the East river. 
As one walks from the railway to the city, over the intervening hill 
land, he cannot help but notice lychee and lungan trees, interspersed 
with bamboo and the canarium trees for which the region is also 
especially adapted The lychee is well adapted to undrained regions, 
but that it also thrives on the hills is quickly evident when one views 
some of the beautiful orchards of this region (figure 25) which in 
general appearance are not unlike apple orch'ards of western 
countries. 

Tseng Ch'ing (Tsang Shing ^i^) lies to the north of the 
East river while Tung Kuan (Tung Kun ^'^^ district is to the 
south. This district is low and has scores of canals leading inland, 
watering vast fields of rice and sugar cane. The land in this 
region is worth two to three hundred dollars gold an acre and 
lychee groves are seen everywhere proving how profitable the crop 
must be. 



< 




PLATE XVIII 




Figure 26. — Fant; Yung L\chee Nurseries with Mango Windbreak. 




Figure 27. — Fang Yung Lychee Orchard of Named Varieties for Propagation. 



SOME IMPORTANT LlXCt NAN LYCHEE CENTERS 53 



Fantr Yunt)- (Funy; ChLini> MiS) is in the heart of this Tuny; 
Kuan (Tunj Kun jji^) rey:ion, only three and one-half miles distant 
from Sin l''ang (San T'oiiy, M^)- For generations the people of 
this village have been in the business of lychee and iungan propaga- 
tion and the nurseries are but a stone's thj'ow from the village. 
Carefully protected on the north by the houses of the village, and by 
a magnificent mango hedge, this nursery (figure 26) provides a 
living for scores of families living in the village. The question of 
parent trees is not neglected and the village prides itself on its rare 
collection of costly varieties (figure 27), from which it propagates 
by layering. Radiating in all directions from this village are paths 
leading no great distance to groups of various varieties. Here we 
find a group of No mi chih (No mai ts'z fiTJt^' trees; in another 
direction is a pair of Ta tsao (Tai tso iC)!B.) trees (figure 28) ; while 
still in another direction is a magnificent old specimen of Hsi chio 
tsu^ (Sai kok tsz Wm^-) , the trunk of which is at least ten feet in 
circumference and beautifully covered with lichens and vines. A 
life-long friend of this old tree is seen, in winter garb, seated at the 
base of this tree (figure 29). Several days may be spent to advantage 
at this spot, inspecting the best trees and inquiring with regard to 
nursery and cultural methods, and in the study of varieties represented 
in this village. The simplicity and hospitality of the country folk is 
inspiring and makes one forget the immediate surroundings of an 
unsanitary Chinese village. But these people spend most of their 
time in the open country, which in beauty rivals that of our own land. 



CHAPTKR VIII 

THE CIJMATE BEST ADAPTED TO THE 

LYCHEE AND LUNOAN 



A study of the range of these fruits indicate that they are 
decidedly sub-tropical, thriving best in regions not subject to heavy 
frost but cool and dry enough in the winter months to provide a 
period of rest. In China and India they are grown between 1 5 and 
30 degrees north latitude. 

The Canton delta, in which these fruits are indigenous, is 
crossed by the Tropic of Cancer and is a sub-tropical area of con- 
siderable range in climate. Great fluctuations of temperature are 
common throughout the fall and winter months. In the winter 
sudden rises of temperature will at times cause the lychee and lungan 
to flash forth their beautifully colored orange and garnet brown new 
growth. This new growth is seldom subject to a freeze about 
Canton. On the higher elevations of the mountainous regions 
which are subject to frost the lychee is seldom grown. The lungan 
appears in these regions more often but it, too, cannot stand hea\y 
frosts. The more hardy, mountainous types of the lychee are very 
sour and those grown near salt sea water are said to be likewise. 
The lychee thrives best on the lower plains where the summer 
months are hot and wet and the winter months are dry and cool. 
The lungan thrives on higher ground than the lychee and endures 
more frost. 

Some idea of the weather conditions in the vicinity of Canton, 
where the lychee and lungan flourish, is made possible by a study of 
the records of the KwaagtJng xAgricultur.il Exp^jriment Station C^-^C 
E1^i^|.t:^). These records are quite complete from 1913-1919 and 
a study of the rainfall, temperature and humidity charts for this 
period reveals the following: 

^4 



THE CLIMATE BEST AD.\PTED TO THE LYCHEE 55 



Avi'RAGE Canton Weather Records for Seven 
Years (1913-1919) ^ 

Av. Mill. Av. Max. 
Temp. Temp. 

January 8.69 C. 19.08 C. 

19.04 
20.64 

25.75 
28.94 
31.16 
32.58 

32. n 

31.85 
29.69 

24.27 
20. 29 

Total 1581.80 mm. 



February 


11.05 


March 


13.94 


April 


17.99 


May 


21.74 


June 


24.53 


July 


25.12 


August 


25.18 


September 


23.^2 


October 


20.13 


November 


15.17 


December 


10.78 



Humidity 


Rainfall 


69.54 


14.90 mm. 


78.30 


57.94 


81.13 


75.97 


82.20 


146.68 


81.42 


253.60 


83.58 


263.26" 


80.67 


231.20 


80.31 


258.54 


77.62 


148.40 


73.27 


38.47 


71.70 


58.86 


70.62 


33.92 



62.3 inches 

A close analytical study of the records of the Kwantrtuny; 
Agricultural E.^periment Station for the seven year period shows that 
the average lowest monthly temperature for the period, in January, 
1918, was 5.43 C (41.8 ¥.). The average highest monthly 
temperature, in August, 1916, was 34.2 C. (93.6 F. ). The lychee 
and lungan flr)wer in March and April when the highest monthly 
temperature averaged 20.64 C. (69.2 F. ) and 25.75 C (78.3 F. ) 
respectively; and the lowest 13.94 C. (57.1 F. ) for March and 
17.99 C. (64.4 F. ) for April. 'Fhe average rainfall during these 
months was 75.97 m. m. (3 in. j for March and 146.68 m.m. (5.77 
in. ) for April. March and April are months of dark, cloudy days 
with comparatively little sunshine and high average humidity. Dur- 
ing these months the cold, north and north-east winds of winter ha\e 
changed to the warm and balmy east and south-east winds of spring. 
The Chinese orchardist is quick to recognize the ill effects to his 
trees in flower of a day or two of cold rains when the wind veers to 

^ AcknowleJ^enient is due Director Huanar Tsun Kenpf (Wonp Tsim 
Kane {^iM'^t of the Kwano-tung- A^ricuitural Rx])eriinent Statior. I^iftl^ 
^S^'^tl^ I for a^l•e^s to ilata from wliicli the ah()^ t- was coinpilt^il. 



56 THE LYCHEF, AND LUN(;AN 



the north and the; driving- sheets of rahi blast the opeiiiny; Hovver buds. 
The fruits of the lychee and lungan form and develop very quickly 
durinfj a most intense growing period from May to August. 1 he 
country at this tin"\e is undergoing its heaviest rainfall and the humidity 
is high. Tne highest average monthly rainfall record for this period 
was in August, 1918, when 564.7 mm. (22.23 in.) fell; the lowest 
was in April, 1913, and amounted to 85. B mm. (3.37 in. ). The 
average yearly rainfall for the seven year period was 1581.80 fn.m. 
or 62.3 inches. Frosts are very light within the delta but during the 
summer months the region is subject to severe typhoons and Hoods. 

Considerable work is scill to be done in the study of the frost 
resistance of this tree and in the acquisition of varieties especially 
adapted to cooler climates. Hsu Po ('^0^) ^ in his work on the 
lychee, says, "They are only suitable for hot, low countries and 
greatly fear altitude and cold, but when care is bestowed they can be 
protected." Ts'ai Hsiang (^m) ^ reports: "Three marches to 
the west of Fuchow there is a locality called Shui Wai, where 
the climate is a little colder and where the lychee cannot be planted. " 
The Superintendent of the Government Botanical Gardens at 
Saharanpur, India, ' latitude 28 degrees north, has known the lychee 
to endure a freeze of 21 degrees with the loss of only a few leaves. 
He says that the lychee is hardier than the mango but has grave 
doubts of any variety that will stand snowfall. He reports that 
Dehra Dun is very little cooler than Saharanpur, yet there is a 
difference in the fruit. The fruits from the Dehra Dun trees are 
more acid. This statement \yith regard to the inability of the lychee 
to withstand snowfall is corroborated by Sung Chia (5lcS) •* when he 
reports a snow fall of several inches at a place called Cheung Lok 

1 HSU PO (PM\ Li Chih P'li (^^^-It) in K// C/iui Tii Shu Chi 
Cheng (Ifi'^ffl**)^), Po IVuHtii Pien{\%t^mM\ Ts\io Muh Tien{%^%\ 
section 274 {%rM^:■^r^^^%), l^i Chih P„ 2 ("^^it^Il), page 4 (.?|MH). 

2 TS'AI HSIANG (^g.), Li Cliiii P^i ("^^fg) in Ku Chin Tn Sht< 
Chi Cheng {-^^U^Wi%), Po IVu Hia Pi en (tf4^Ki|i), Ts\ir, Muh Tun 
(^.^Jtt), section 273 i^:l"Br-ti-H#), /-/ Chih Pn \ (^^^K-), page 4 

' Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, Washington, Correspondence, Reports, etc. 

"• SUNG cm A (^ai), Li Chih P'u (^^f^) in Ki, Chin Ti< Shu Chi 
Cheng (lS-^Ii#ftf!£), Po Wu Hui Pun {Mm%U), Ts'ao Muh Tien 
(-^;^^!Hl), section 273 [% rj^ ^l-^r-^m) , li Chih Pu 1 {^i,%%~), page 1(» 



THE CLIMATE BEST ADAPTED TO THE LYCHEE 57 



when the mountains became white and the natives were greatly 
surprised. He says, "That year all the lychee trees died off but 
after several years sprouted out again. 

Mr. George Campbell ' of Ka Ying (^ fi j'[\) , Kwangtung, 
China in January, 191 J, reported, "I have been in Ka Ying for 
25 years and 18 years ago I can remember a cold snap when the 
thermometer went to 24 degrees. The lungan trees were killed and 
for years afterwards we got very few lungans. The lichee trees were 
also killed though some of them sprouted out again and are now 
bearing. This month we had a severe frost, the worst since '93, and 
these trees and their cousins were hard hit." More than 20 years 
ago Theodore L. Meade of Oviedo, Fla. , reported that the tree 
grows well there but suffers much from frost. In the winter of 
1888-89 a temperature of 27 degrees cut his tree back but little, while 
21 degrees killed it to the ground in 1890. Mr. Reasoner of the 
Royal-Palm nurseries, Oneco, Florida, reported March 11, 1916, 
"My little lichee trees were untouched by these freezes. A week 
ago we had 29 degrees and yesterday 30 with a very hard frost 
indeed. I just saw them and they are O.K." In a letter to the 
writer, after the severe freeze of February, 1917, Mr. Reasoner' s 
conclusions were, "There is no doubt but that these trees are much 
more hardy than mango trees, but not so hardy as lemon trees. 
The leaves cannot stand very severe freezing." 

In concljsion it is safe to assume from the records at hand 
that the lychee will prove most profitable when grown at low 
altitudes, in sub-tropical regions not subject to temperatures much 
below 30 degrees Fahrenheit. If the tree is kept dormant and 
somewhat protected in the winter it can possibly endure slight 
frosts. Doubtless lychee trees could be protected from cold much 
as orange and lemon trees are in Florida and California. The 
lungan will endure more cold than the lychee but thrives best under 
conditions favorable to the lychee. 

^ Office of Foreign Seed ard Plant Introduction, United States De])art- 
ment of Ag^ricvdtiu'e, VVashinjjton, Correspondence, Reports, etc. 



CHAPTER IX 

SOILS ADAPTF.D TO THE LYCHEF. AND LUNG AN 

AND 

C IJ L T L) R A L M EL H O D S 

The Chinese believe that the type of fruit produced depends as 
much upon the care of the tree as upon the variety or climate. A 
successful lychee grower is ever on the alert to minister to every 
whim of the plant's desire. In Kwan^jtung, lychee orchards are 
rarely seen exposed to strong, north, ^inter winds. A low situation 
to the south of a hill is preferable for larfje plantations. 

The lungan is mure seldom grown under orchard conditions 
than is the lychee. There is not so large a demand for this fruit 
and the trees therefore more scattered although one often hnds 
attractive groups of lungan. The lungan tree endures the cold, 
north winds better than the lychee but does not thrive so well under 
water culture. But trees are often planted along the banks of ponds 
where roots have plenty of access to water with exceedingly good 
results. 

Dijht riaitUiKja 

The delta of the Pearl is low and an extensive system of 
dykes holds back the water of the streams from the rich delta hnds. 
The lychee is the favorite tree for these dykes and a considerable 
proportion of the fruit produced in Kwangtung is grown on these 
embankments. But lungan are rarely seen growing on these dykes. 
Lychee trees planted along the main dykes of the streams are more 
susceptible to the cold, wintery winds; and when the dikes are built 
in series, the second and third are always considered preferable for 
the lychee, especially when the situation is on the northern side of 
the stream (figure 6). In South China dyke lychee are usually 
planted 20-25 feet apart and a low spreading head is developed (fig- 
ure 9). In some cases intercropping with banana, guava or even 
plum (figure 13) is practiced while the lychee are still young. 

58 



PLATE XIX 




FiGLKE 2S. — Pair ut la tsao — Lartie crop — Lychee 1 rues 




Figure 29. — Fang Yung Nurseryman Seated under Hsi chio tsu — Rhinoceros horn 

— Lychee Tree. 



PLATE XX 




An Acid Peaty Soil Better for the Lychee Than an Ordinary Fertile Soil 

(See page 151 and the detailed description of illustrations.) 

(One-fifth natural size.) 



PLATE XXI 




Healthy Lychee Root, Grown in Acid Soil, Showing the Mycorhizal Tubercles. 

(See page 152 and the detailed description of illustrations.) 

(Magnification 6 diameters.) 



PLATE XXII 




'*i^ 



ky 







\ *"7^ 




Figure a. 




Figure b. 

Enlarged Sections of Lychee Root Tubercles Showing the Cells Cjorged with the 
Mycorhizal Fungus. Microphotographs by Dr. F.mil G. Arzberger. 

(See page 1 52 and the detailed description of illustrations.) 
(Figure a, magnification igs diameters; Figure b. magnification 830 diameters.) 



PLATE XXIII 




Mycorhizal Fungi in the Cells of Lychee Root Tubercles. 

Drawings by Dr. Emil G. Arzberger. 

(See page 152 and the detailed description of illustrations.) 

(Figures a, b, and c, magnification 775 diameters; Figure d, 500 diameters.) 



PLATE XXIV 

Mi 




Figure jo. — Raised-bed L>chee Plaiitatiun Showing W'ater-channe 




Figure 31. — Low-lying Delta Lychee Plantations Showing Well-constructed Bridge 

across Canal. 



SOILS ADAITED TO TllK LYCIIEK AND LUX(;AN S9 



y/a/iv <l-bc(I Plan la lions 



The raiscd-bfd sijsUni of orchard plantiiiu, so frequently 
employed in the Canton delta, seems especially adapted to the lychee 
and a very larjje acreage of lychee is thus grown. This system could 
doubtless be employed to advantage in some of the swampy areas of 
the United States which now lie waste. In Kwangtung wide, open 
ditches, at a distance of thirty to forty feet apart, are dug through land 
which is low and subject co flood or to submersion at high tide. 
These ditches are ten to fifteen wide, when the excavated earth is 
thrown up on the other side, the surface of the beds are 10-15 feet 
above the bottom of the channel, whicli drains out freely when the 
tide is low. The lychee trees are planted more or less irregularly 
along either side of these beds so that the limbs of the trees, when 
mature, stretch across these channels and meet in the center (fig. 
30). Lychee are often intercropped with guava or orange where 
this system is used. The conditions secured by this raised-bed meth- 
od seem ideal for lychee culture and vast areas of otherwise useless 
land are thus made profitable. When one looks down from a high 
vantage point over an area such as this, he might think he was look- 
ing down upon a vast apple orchard (fig. 31), but let him try to enter 
and he soon becomes lost in the net work of beds and streams. 

Upland LycJue Orchards 

Upland lychee orchards, though perhaps not so common in 
Kwangtung as low-land, are nevertheless common is hilly countries 
like Lo Kang ( Lo Kong |||SjI) and Tseng Ch'ing (Tsang Shing 
^^1^). In the upland culture of lychee the trees are sometimes scat- 
tered irregularly over the hills and intercropped with other fruits; but 
sometimes they are planted in regular orchard formation with at least" 
thirty feet between the trees and with very little tillage after they be- 
come mature. Orchards of lychee thus planted are not unlike apple 
orchards in general appearance (fig. 25). 

Artificial irrigation is not necessary in these upland groves of 
Kwangtung but would doubtless prove profitable in regions with less 
rainfall and humidity. When the trees are grown under these higher 
conditions the soil is usually a sandy loam with clay subsoil. 
The abundant rainfall during the fruiting season provides sufficient 
moisture to bring the tree to a profitable fruiting condition. But in 
any country where this moisture is lacking during the growing season 
liberal irrigation should be practiced, and what might usually be con- 
sidered an excess water supply may be pro\'ided with prt)fit. 



60 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



Sails, Frcparaiwn and Transplaxiiiig 

A loam is most desirable for the lychee and the so-called river 
mud of the Canton delta seems to meet the highest soil requirements. 
Mr. Humphrey G. Carter,' Economic Botanist at Calcutta, India, 
writes that the Mozufferpore lychee is the best in India and that the 
soil there is moist, sandy and mixed with a sufficient quantity of rich 
clay. He considers that old river beds make excellent lychee {gar- 
dens. 

In Kwangtung little soil preparation is made for the tree prior 
to planting. Where the soil is especially hard, small pits are some- 
times dug and these are filled with specially prepared soil. The 
farmers rarely grow their own trees, but procure layered stock from 
the nurseries. 

The planting is done in March and April at about Ts'ing 
Ming (yhH^), that season in China which is devoted to the worship 
of graves. At this time the soil has begun to warm up and sufficient 
rainfall is assured to give the trees a good start. At the time of 
transplanting the branches are not trimmed back very severely. The 
Chinese claim that unless the young tree has sufficient foliage to en- 
able it to benefit from the morning dews it will get a poor start. 
Tang Tao Hsieh (fl'sltft),^ in his treatise gives explicit instructions 
not to trim off the leaves at the time of transplanting. After planting, 
the trunk and limbs of the young trees are often wrapped with rice 
straw to prevent excessive evaporation or sun scald in summer and 
excessive cold in winter. 



^ Carter, Humphrey G. , in correspondence with Office of Foreign Seed 
and Plant Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department 
of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 

2 T/\NG TAO HSIEH (fi^icil^^ Li Chih P'u it^-^m) In Ku Chin Tu 
Shu Chi Cheng {-^^m^m^), Po IHi Hiii Pien{\%t0MU)^ Tiao Muh Tien 
K^M%\ section 274 (li|-W-b+W# ), Li Chih Pu 2 (f„ii^-), page 6 



> 

X 

w 
< 




PLATE XXVI 




Figure 23- — Bci! 



(ik> liH Nitiht Soil Fertilizer. 




Figure 34. — Unloading a Night Soil Boat tor Fertilizing Lychee. 



SOILS AI>APTED TO THE lA'CIIEE AND LUNGAN 61 



Firlilinalioii 

The Chinese maintain the quality of the fruit is very lary:ely 
dependent upon carefully feeding; the plants and this is wisely done 
from the time the yount); trees be(2;in to make their first {growth. 
Careful yearly nourishment of the fruitin»- wood is provided. I he 
tree is naturally a surface feeder (^fio;. 4.) and when yrown under 
raised-bed and dyke conditions this characteristic is greatly encourag- 
ed by pouring liquid fertilizer, usually night soil, into little shallow 
holes or furrows dug about the tree at a distance not greater than six 
or eight feet from the trunk (tig. iZ) . This is usually done in 
early spring and each mature tree in bearing is given no less than 
five hundred pounds of this very concentrated liquid manure. On 
narrow dykes it is poured into holes dug along the center of the 
dyke so as to assure a minimum loss from seepage (fig. 33). 

This night soil is transported in boats built for the purpose, 
which enter the streams and canals and greatly facilitate the work of 
manuring (fig. 34). No Cantonese could be termed a farmer unless 
able to shoulder two buckets of water or fertilizer, one swung from 
either end of a bamboo pole which balances across the shoulder as he 
gracefully trots to and from the fields. The work of fertilizing is 
facilitated by a wooden dipper attached to one end of this bamboo 
pole (fig. 34). When the boats reach the dykes the liquid manure 
is poured, by means of this dipper, into wooden buckets jirovi'led 
for the purpose (fig. 40) and carried to the trees. 

Mi(Jcliin(j 

The lychee should profit greatly by mulching, though the 
Chinese do not seem to practice it to any great extent. But they are 
exceedingly careful in the wet culture of the tree almost every year 
to cover any exposed roots with a smear of canal mud. In the 
colder districts they often bank the trunk and roots with this mud, 
mixed with manure, and thus both protect the tree in the winter 
and prepare for the coming months of spring when plant food will 
be necessary. Tang Tao Hsieh (fliit^)^ in his treatise on the 
lychee reports that it is this custom, practiced by the farmers of 
Fang Kang (Fung Kong Il.|iSl), Fukien, that has made the lychee of 
that place the most superior. 

^ TANG TAO HSIEH {fm\^n), L\ Chili P'u {t,^m) in A'// (:/a>i Tu 
Shi Chi Cheng, Cfi-^H^^J^), Po U'uHin Pien (ff 4^5(1^11), Ts-an Muh Tien 
C^^rtft), section 277 (^^ W-bTP^l#), /-/ Chih Pu 1 {-^H%-\ ixipe 6 



02 I'ln". LVCHi;!'; ani3 j,iin(.;an 



Thinniitg, Pruning and Yield 

Thinniny: is seldom practiced on the lychee; more on the 
lunijaii. Some pruning: is done by the Chinese in early winter, but 
it is customary to break ofF many of the twitjs and branches at the 
time of liarvesting, the fruit and this is recoirnized as a form of prun- 
intr. Under favorable conditions the tree is a. heavy bearer, yieldinji 
on routrh estimate as much fruit as apple trees of equal size. Chi 
Han (t-fe^)' in his Features of Planls in ilic South reports that 
from one tree as many as one hundred ' tau " (.equivalent to about 
lOOU-1500 lbs) can be sxathered. 

ricking and Prolcclion 

The fruit adheres very tenaciously to the tree and crude 
knives are often used in choppiny: the clusters of fruit, with twiys 
attached, from the tree, a custom which as shown has doubtless 
(jiven the lychee its name. Considerable superstition exists with 
regard to the picking of the fruit. One belief is that no fruit should 
be removed before the time of picking; and when once picking has 
started the tree should be picked clean, as birds and insects will im- 
mediately attack any fruit which remains. This belief doubtless 
serves a worthy purpose as the temptation to sample the fruit is great 
and the grower always has a good reason to prevent it. At Tseng 
Ch'ing (Tsang Shlng ^i^) we were told that the pickers of the Kua 
lu (Kwa luk ^|},f4i) were always required to sing songs while picking 
to guarantee that they were not eating any of the fruit. 

Ts'ai Hsiang '^Hm)^ refers to customs connected with pick- 
ing the lychee in these words: "When the ripening season comes 
all fruits should be picked from the tree, then neither insects nor 
birds will dare to come near. If the fruit is only partially gathered 
from the tree, it will become infested with bats, bees and grubs, the 
latter eating into the tree. In order to drive off these pests the 

' CHI HAN (J^g-I, Nrin Faun T.<\io Mn/i Clutaini ^:^H:^i0k) '" A'^ 
ChiH Til Shu Chi Cheng (lS'^ia^i&£), I'o H'u Hid Pirn (tfifjj^i^). T.^no 
Miih Tien C^^klffi-), sertion 273 (f^HW-b-f-H^), /./' Chih Pi, 1 (^%%-), 

pape 2 (^;nii[). 

^ TS'AI HSIANG (]^Sm Li Chili l''ii r^HWi) '^^^ Ku Chin Tn Shn 
Chi Chen^ (T«r^ll#^f!5l), Po WuHui Pirn {\%mW^). Ts'an Muh Tien 
K%^%\ section 273 (^-WL-hH^), /./ Chih Pu 1 {^,^%-\ page 4 



SOILS ADAPTED TO THE LYCllEE AND LUNOAN bA 



orchardist or (gardener places four posts around the tree and on top 
of these he builds a small house. Duritii^r the night someone dwells 
in this place in order to startle these various pests when they come 
to plunder or destroy the fruit. Another method is to gather some 
bamboo reeds which are from five to se\en feet long, and sway them 
continually back and forth. This latter method is used to dri\e off 
pests like the bats. 

No labor difficulties are experienced in picking the fruit, 
though in Kwangtung much of it is picked during the harvest of the 
first crop of rice or the planting of the second. J?ut labor is as 
plentiful in China as it is scarce in the West. And this is a legiti- 
mate reason why the Chinese should employ so many intensive 
methods of lychee culture. 



CJIAPTKR X 

METFIODSOF PROI'ACJA TION 

In the Liny; Nan rc^^ion, the home of the lychce, trees are 
rarely produced from seed. One reason for this is that the seeds of 
the best varieties are not viable and those that are require 8-12 years 
to briny: the trees into bearing; whereas, by the Chinese method of 
air layering, fruitiny: trees are secured in from 3-5 years. Moreover, 
trees from seed are said not to "come true " with any certainty. 
And the Chinese consider that in a region where temperature and 
humidity so greatly faciliate layering there is little reason to depend 
upon seedlings. Then, too, seeds of the lychee are very short lived 
and cannot be kept for more than four or hve days, except under 
very moist conditions. 

In the propagation of the tree in other lands, however, the 
seedling method may be advantageous, especially until a large number 
of trees are at hand. Mr. J. E. Higgins in his bulletin 92 cites some 
interesting experiments with regard to the use of seeds in propagation 
and to methods for their shipment ever great distances. The writer, 
following the instructions of the Office of f^oreign Seed and Plant 
Introduction to pack seeds in damp sphagnum moss mixed with 
ground charcoal, senta number of tin tubes of HuaiChih ( VVai Chi) 
and Hei yeh (Hakip) lychee seeds from Canton to Washington. 
These arrived in good condition and a number of seedlings were 
grov/n from them. The Shan Chih (Shan Chi) or mountain lychee, 
and these two varieties, are the best for the production of seedlings. 
No difficulties will be experienced if the grower remembers how 
quickly these seeds deteriorate, follows the usual methods, partially 
shades his seedlings, and above all else remembers that the lychee is 
a water-loving plant which can endure great quantities of moisture 
both in the air and in t!ie soil. 

Cldntsc Air-la ijivinii 

Most of the lychee trees of South China are produced by a 
method known as " pok chih" {BM.) , a process of layering which 
the modern horticulturist has come to term Chiufsc Air-laytring. 
This is practically the same as the " (jootee " layering of India. 

64 



PLATE XXVII 




Figure •;}§■ — Unloading Lychee from District Passage Boats in Canton City. 




Figure 36. — Nursery Beds of Chinese Air-layered Lychee Trees. 



PLATE XXVIII 




Figure 37. — Raisinu; L^cIkc \ur,strr\ Smck wirh l-5a!i of Karrh Attached. 




Figure 38. — Boat-load of Lychcc Nursery Stock. 



METHODS OF PROPAGATION 65 



The Cantonese gardeners are excellent manipulators of this method 
and a great majority of the shrubs and trees of South China, including 
citrus fruits, are thus propagated. Lychee trees and limbs from 
which to propagate are first selected, but except in very rare cases, 
not" with any very careful observation with regard to limb or bud 
variation. In the spring about the time the trees arc coming into 
flower complete rings of bark are girdled from branches, preferably 
not more than two inches in diameter. I'he strip of bark which is 
removed is about an inch in width and a callus is allowed to form for 
a day or two before the earth is boimd about the new layer. A 
special preparation of binding mud is made by mixing wet, sticky, 
canal or pond earth with chopped-up straw or leaves; and little balls 
of this are bound about each injured branch. 

As this process is carried on in -the season of dark, cloudy 
days and considerable rainfall, little further attention is given to the 
tree. If dry, sunny weather continues for any period the little balls 
of earth must be watered. The roots begin to form within a few 
weeks and the new layer is said to be well rooted in about one hun- 
dred days when it is removed from the parent tree with a saw. The 
Chinese say that the layer should be planted out before the little roots 
emerge from the ball of earth and become dried. 

After removing the layers from the parent trees they are set 
out in nursery beds of specially chosen soil which inclines to a heavy 
and sticky rather than to a light character. The plants are set out 
about a foot apart each way in these beds (fig. 36; which are located 
with reference to protection from cold, wintery winds. Here they 
remain until at least one year from the following spring. When they 
are raised for permanent planting (fig. 37), a ball of earth at least a 
f jot in diameter, held in place by mea.ns of rice straw, remains at- 
tached to the roots. 

This nursery business, as seen for example at the \ iliage of 
Fang Yung (Fung Chung Mfft * has become quite an industry and 
the business methods whereby tne industry is conducted would be a 
fascinating study. For example we have been told that many of the 
trees produced at Pang Yung are layered from trees growing in Chiao 
T'ang Sz i Kau T'ong Sz ^^^n]) in Pan Yu (P'un U #^] ) district 
where very interesting contracts are made between the nurserymen 
and the growers for the production of stock. The nurserymeii layer 
the trees in the i'To\'es from trcps which they may select and pay for 



66 Tin: I.^'cnl•:I•; and luncjan 



them by weight at the time they are remoxed from the trees. The 
contract calls for the removal of all layered branches whether dead or 
living and for payment of same. It is said that the average price 
paid for these layered branches is $2.50 Mexican per tan (tarn |§. 
or 133 lbs. ; for the No mi chih ili^^^ variety and $2.25 for the 
Huai chih (it^ft). This nursery business in iychee and lungan 
nursery stock is an extensive industry and one often sees boat loads 
of Iychee nursery stock tioing (nit from Fang "\'ung ; Fung Chung M'M^ 
(Hg. 18). 

Layered Iychee trees will bear in a few years after they have 
been set out into the permanent position, but they are not in their 
prime until from 2U-40 years, if properly cared for, they may re- 
main good fruiting trees for more than a hundred years. Chinese 
history is full of records of large old profitable trees and one author, 
Ts'ai Hsiang [^M\^ speaks of a tree three hundred years old which 
continued to prosper in leaves and fruit. Sung Chia ' 5|cfl)- referred 
to a "big tree requiring several tens of men to get around it, the- 
trunk of which is empty and inside of which four or Hve men can 
sit." 

About Canton thousands of these layered trees are also plant- 
ed in pots. In the world famous gardens at Hua ti (Vzt'i ^tJtii) one 
will find well established trees of many varieties growing in shallow 
pots (fig. 39). These can be purchased at prices ranging from 40 
cents to $1.50 gold. The Chinese are very fond of using potted fruits 
as ornamentals and Chinese gardeners do not fail to bring young potted 
Iychee into bearing (fig. 40) for this purpose. Lychce trees are 
often thus sent north, a careful calculation being made so as to have 
them fruit about the time of their arrival. 



1 TS'AI HSIANG {^«), Li Uhlh P'u (^^sg) in Ku Chin Tu Shu 
Chi Cheng, (l&^ia#||f^), Po Wu Hui Pien {WmM\ Ts\,n Muh Tien 
(^T^rtll), section 273 (^rl'S'-ti'li^), li CJnh Pu 1 C^^^-R-), pa-e 3 

^ SIJNG CHIA {%^\, Li Chill P'li (^jil§) in Ku Chm Tu Shn 
Chi Cheng (iS-^lffl^ll^), Po JTu Hui Pien (1f fftKiS), Ts\,o Muh Tien 
{.-^^m, section 273 (^^If-b+B^), Li Chih Pu 1 (^^^-), page 9 




Figure iq. rutted Lvchce in the famous Hua Ti Gardens, Canton, Chi 




y. 
w 

H 
<; 




"en '^ 

o ■^ 
U 




:\IK'rH()l)S (JV PK()l'A(iAT!0-N 67 



Tanii Tao Hsieli {f\{:,^\^i,) ^ reports this method of " pok 
chih " (!^if^) also in use in Fukien province. He says, "7"he 
lichee are not produced from seed. Good branches arc selected, 
injured and wrapped with mud until white root-like hairs be^in to 
grow out when they are covered with another layer of mud and later 
cutoff. In spring they sejid out new leaves." Mr. Higgins re- 
ports 92 modifications of the Chinese method of air-l;iyerin<j, which 
he has employed in Hawaii. 

I'ropdffdtion hij I iinrchi n<j ' "■ ■ 

Another method of propagating the lychee, and employed 
especially with the lungan, is the inarch method know by the Chinese 
under the name ai cliih (J^^). The small seeded No mi chih 
di^S-' variety is often thus propagated and high headed trees (see 
end of bed, fig. 36) with trunks six to eight feet, are often grown in 
this way. Good strong seedlings usually of the mountain variety, 
Shan chih (Ul^), are first established, often in pots. These plants 
are raised in spring, carried to the scion trees, inarched, and held in 
place by bamboo framing until the union has formed. 

With regard to the application of this method, Mr. G. W.i 
Oliver, expert propagator at the Washington greenhouses, in a re- 
port to the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, dated 
September 1914, says, * We had a considerable number of seedling 
litchi plants grown from seeds secured from China by your office. 
When the seedlings were in three inch pots they were used in in- 
arching to small branches on large plants The litchi inarching 

work is exceedingly easy and plants could be raised in any quantity 
provided you had the seedlings and named varieties to work with."' 
In 1.91U Mr. Oliver also succeded in inarching some seedlings of 
lungan with small twigs of lychee plants which had been secured via 
Shanghai. This was apparently the first time recorded when the 
lychee was put on stock other than its own. In his report Mr. 
Oliver said, "As I recollect I did not have more than three stocks 
of the longan for the inarching experiments in 1910, and I did not 
regard them as \ery successfid. But the seedling longans were large 



1 TANG TAO JISIKH {f\{M\^n), U Chih P'u i^-jii^] In Ku C/tui 
Til Shu Chi CheufT {-^"^U^yk^y, Po IVu Hui Pien (tfif^Rj^), Ts'ao 
Muh Tien (^T^fl-), section 2^ ^ i ^IlW-fcTHi^), /./ Chih Pn 1 (^^^^IfUrl), 
paoe 6 I ?r; ATI). 



68 THE LVCHEE AND LUNGAN 



plants in six inch pots; had they been used when in three inch pots 
the results might have been more successful, therefore no reliable 
deductions could be drawn from what 1 did with them. " 

Gr (I /till (J and Bud ding 

Chinese recognize the art of gfaftiny; and on the lychee com- 
monly employ a form of grafting which they call Isith, chih (tsip chi 
^1$). In using this method it is customary to use the mountain 
variety " shan chih " (lUli' for stock and after the seedling is three 
to six years old to cut off the whole head at about five or six feet 
above the ground and place in a wedge shaped graft of the desired 
variety. 1 have never seen them employ grafting wax but they 
usually cover the point of graft with mud and protect the graft from 
the hot sun by means of a bunch of rice straw tied over the graft. 
This method is very common in Lokang (M^) and in other places 
is often used to top-work trees. In Fukien it is also widely practiced 
both on the lychee and lungan, and Hsu Po {'^Sfh) in his records of 
the lychee in Fukien speaks of "tsieh chih" and says, ' Secure 
seedling of the sour kinds, cue off the trunk and use a sharp knife to 
make a crack and then insert another branch so that the skin of the 
two comes together. Bind with tree leaves and cow manure mixed 
with clay." Experiments in grafting and budding the lychee and 
the lungan have received some attention at the Hawaii Station and a 
method of bark grafting has proved thus far successful in top work- 
ing lungan trees to lychee. Mr. Higgins says: " Repeated experi- 
ments with this method have shown that there is no great difficulty 

in securing a union of the litchi with the longan A noteworthy 

influence of the stock on the scion should be mentioned here. The 
growth produced is very much more rapid than that of the litchi on 
its own roots, and in some cases the character of the foliage appears 
to undergo a change." 

The Chinese apparently do not recognize the art of budding 
and hence do not employ it on the lychee. Mr. Higgins ' reports, 
"The budding of the litchi on the longan has been accomplished in 
Hawaii, but this method is not so successful as that of grafting des- 
cribed above. 



' Higgins, j. E., T//e Litc/ii in Ha'u.'aii, HavMiii Agricultural Experiment 
Station, Bulletin No. 44, ]iage 11. 



METHODS OF PROPAGATION 69 



An Open Field for Experiment tviiJi the Lychee 

It is apparent that there is an open field for a series of inter- 
esting and helpful experiments in the propagation of this attractive 
fruit. Tne fact that the Chinese have always propagated a large per- 
centage of their plant* by layering has not enabled them to determine 
the varied results that can be obtained by means of grafting. A 
series of experiments in grafting, budding or inarching the lychee on 
stocks other than its own shcHild prove of value to the Chinese in 
their cukivat'on of this fruit. It should also prove of value to those 
countries which are attempting to introduce the lychee under con- 
ditions not so favorable as in its native habitat. 

Drought and frost resistance are two factors to be kept de- 
finitely in mind in this work; and soil variations should be carefully 
studied. The varied soil and climatic conditions in which the lychee 
grows in China have resulted in distinct varietal differences which 
can be utilized to advantage in this work. In this connection it will 
hz a decided advantage to regroup all the varieties of the lychee into 
the water lychee and the mountain lychee classification as one Chinese 
author has attempted to do. 

It should be especially noted that a study of the Lychee group 
of the Sapindaccae as outl'nid under the botanical discussion reveals 
the f ict that we can look wi:h promise to regions remote from those 
of na ive habitat for stocks upon which to work the lychee. in 
paitlcular the w.Id lychee of the Philippines, Litchi philippinensis 
Radik. (figure 2), offers great promise of being found useful as a 
stock since it is the species most closely related to the cultivated 
lychee, grows on well-drained uplands and on hill and mountain 
slopes at considerable altitudes and is a tree of great height and large 
diameter. All this is quite the reverse of the cultivated lychee. 
Furthermore, this species has large seeds, at least twice the bulk of 
those of the cultivated lychee, and hence presumably producing more 
vigorous seedlings. In any attempt to grow the lychee on high, dry 
sttuation» it is imperative that a test be made of the Philippine wild 
lychee as a stock. It is also possible that the little known Pseudone- 
phelium fumitum (Blanco), Radlk. , a tree growing on Luzon 
Island, Philippines, in Borneo and Perak will upon fuller study prove 
to be closely related to the lychee. It has flowers destitute of petals 
like the lychee, whereas the flowers of the lungan and the other 
species of Euphoria have well developed petals. At any rate the 
effort should be made to utilize also this species as a stock for the 
lychee which is rather narrowlv limited in if?; ranne nf s.>il adaptation 



7U THE LVCHEE AND LUNGAN 



The closely related, ijenus Ettplioria has already provted^liid- 
misjng, recent, reports from the Hawaiian Islands indicating success 
in irrdkiufr the lychee on the liinijan, Euphoria loiujana Lam. (fiy;. 
59). The allied Philippine form, Euphoria ciinrta Radlk. (lig. 3) 
should also be tried and the other nine members of the genus 
Euphoria should not be neglected. Allthese facts indicate the pos- 
sibilities of opening up a most interesting study with regard to new 
methods in the propagation of the lychee which may prove valuable 
to b(jth China and to other countries. 



CHAP'l fc:R XI 

THE LYCHF.E AND LUN(JAN IN COMMF.RCK 



Marlii tin<i 

In a country where transportation facilities have developed so 
slowly it is not surprising- that ^reat sacrifices of <jrowers' profits, arid 
even human life itself, have been necessary in order to ^et a perish- 
able fruit to a critical public and to a tribute-exactiny; royalty. 

The usual method in the handliny; of the lychee crop is for 
the jrrower to sell to the. jobber; the jobber, who is at the mercy of 
contractors in human labor necessary to transport the product by 
land or by stream, sells to the city wholesaler; the wholesaler to the 
retailer; and the retailer to the consumer. Estimates on the value of 
the fruit are usually made while it is still on the tree; in fact, con- 
tracts for the year's crop are ufteii made while the trees are in flower, 
as this allows a little more leeway for a uamble. 

After the fruit is picked it is carefully and neatly packed by 
these jobbers, the baskets are carefully covered with some of the 
leaves of the tree and are often made thief-proof by sewintr over the 
lop a kind of bamboo matting. They are thus transported: to the 
cities (fi'z. -^5). The wholesale lychee markets in a city the size of 
Canton are a most interesting; study and the questions retjardinj^; 
vvei<j;hts and measures, <rrades and prices are difficult to compreheVid. 
But interestinir information can be secured here with regard to <lis- 
tricts and varieties. 

Trihuti Lyrh(< - • ■ . 

Chinese history points clearly fo the evils which have accom- 
panied the custom of sending th-e best produce of the land to the 
Emperor and his Court. It is fortunate for China that this custom 
ceased with the birth of the Republic. The demand made by the 
royal fainilies upon the jireat lychee producing; districts of the south 
has always been "a thorn in the flesh." It has proved a deterring 
factor in the development of the lychee industry, as is indicated in 
many records of the extreme hardship and even sacrifice of life that 

71 



72 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



was necessary to carry the fruits from south to north. Ts'ai Hsiang 
(^2)' says, " Foochow (i^'H\ usually sends its tribute of lychee in 
two forms: Hung yen {^1M.> antlMichien v^\^), or candied lychee. 
During the Ch'ing Li (MW year of Jen Isung (1041 A.D.), 
Emperor of the Sung Dynasty, the T'ai Kuan (iclf) or Official in 
Charjie of the Collection of Tribute, inquired concerning the form 
in which the yearly tribute was sent. The Chih Chou Shih (^>K^), 
or Prefect of. Foochow (raJH), told him that the distance was very 
long and therefore they were not able to send them. The T'ai 
Kuan (ic'a*) then ordered the number of Hung yen (^.^) lychee to 
be diminished, and the amount of plain dried fruit to be increased 



Transportation 

Although the lychee is perishable the fresh fruit can be market- 
ed to advantage at great distances from the orchards, as is testified by 
the fact that in northern China and Japan it is readily found in season 
on the markets of important cities; and transportation facilities are 
still very slow in China. Mr. Higgins ^ in his bulletin gives some in- 
teresting experiments with regard to this question and believes 
"there is no doubt that refrigeration will prove a very satisfactory 
method for placing upon American markets the litchi crop grown in 
Florida, California, Hawaii, Porto Rico, or Cuba." 

Wholesale Prices of the Fresh Fruit 

That the local Canton prices for lychee and lungan are not 
low is indicated by the following table of prices received by a grower ' 
who marketed his fruit wholesale: 



^ TS'AI HSIANG (^g), Li Chih P'u {-^^WD in Ku Chin Ti S/iu 
Chi Cheng ("S^Ii^^f^), Po ^'«- Hui Fien (If 455^1^), . Tian Muk Tien 
{'^M%\ section 273 (^-^-^+3^^, Li Chih Fu J (^ j^^-), page 4 

L). 



^ Higfgins, J. E., The Liichi in Hanvaiiy Hawaii Agricuhural Experiment 
Station, Bulletin No. 44, page 13. 

^ Acknowledgement is due Mr. Mo Hui T'ang (Mok Fai T'ong "^M^) 
of Pei Shan (P.ik Shan 4b ill) ^or access to his account books whereby it was 
Dossible to obtain the folJowinjj fignres. 



THE LYCHEE AND LUNG AN IN COMMERCE 73 

Wholesale Market Prices for Lychee and Lungan Fruits 
per tarn (J^) of 133 pounds. 







Lychee 




. 




Hei yeh 


Kuei wei 


No mi ts'z 


Huai chih 




(Hakip) 


(Kwai mi) 


(No mai t'sz) 


(Wai chi) 




1^ m 


m !* 


US ^ * 


m fe 


1909 


$7.00* 


15.00 


35.00 


5.50 


1910 


6.00 


10.00 


15.00 


4.20 


1911 


4.90 


10.00 


15.00 


3.50 


1912 


8.40 


21.00 


28.1C 


5.50 


1913 


9.75 


17.80 


22.10 


7.00 


1914 


12.00 


22.20 


35.00 


7.60 


1915 


12.60 


20.00 


28.10 


5.51 


1916 


7.00 


15.00 


21.00 


4.91 


1917 


9.80 


15.00 


21.00 


5.51 



tl918 49=40 184.00 IILOO 27,80 









Lungan 








Shih hsia lung 


: yen 


Hua kioh 


Kao yuan 




(Shap 


ip lung 


nean) 


(Fa hok) 


(Koun) 




if 


m m 


9& 


IB m 


m m 


1909 




^7.00 




.$2.98 


$3.50 


1910 




4.91 




1.50 


2.10 


1911 




7.00 




2.98 


3.50 


1912 




7.00 




2.98 


3.50 


1913 




7.00 




2.98 


3.50 


1914 




7.00 




2.98 


3.50 


1915 




9.80 




4.91 


5.95 


1916 




9.80 




4.91 


5.95 


1917 




4.91 




1.50 


2.10 


M91S 




29. «n 




7 00 


<3 Hi 



rilK lACHEK ANl> IvUNCAN 



Notts : . ' '■' 

* Prii'cs are expressed in ttinis ot Canton local silver tlie value of uiiicli 
in terms of goltl currency varies greatly. In l9l4 $1.00 local siher was equal to 
about 50 cents I'nited States currency or 2 shillinfrs Kn^lisli currency; in 1919 
J^l.OO local silver was equal to about 90 cents United States currency or 5 shilliiifis 
Knylisli currency. 

This difference in exchange so favorable to China be^aii after the ojjeninp 
of'tlie luiropean war and has not yet feturnetl tit the normal rate existing before 
the war. But the grovyers returns vjere greater during the years of the war tlian 
l>efoi"e. Ajul ex])ort prices also fell very little during this ])eriod. These facts 
indicate somewhat h()\v in tltese inodern da\s internatiotrai conditions will affect 
the rural populations of countries even so nnich cut f>ff from world affairs as tlmse 
in China. . . ., . 

t The ver\ excessive- prices indicated in the year 1918 is accounted, for b\ 
the fact that there was an exceedingK short crfip hrcause of imfavorahle we;ither 
condilinns." 



I'HK LYCHEK AND I>(lN(i.\N IN CO.M.MKKCl': 



lt(cip(s (IikI Mtlhoils ol 1' n sn'Vdlioii 

Wu 1'siii Ao i':^.^:.^)' in his r.hi Li (Uiili (iC^^fe). says 
thai the first day after pickin», tht* lyrhee loses its color, the second 
day its fragraiice, the third its taste; and by the end of the fouith or 
fifth day all color, taste and fragrance are <roiie. His statement is 
overdrawn, thouuh there is nothing; quite so delicious as Ivchee,. 
ripened on and freshly picked from the trees. VVu Tsai Ao '^ftll) 
then devotes a whole section of his treatise to the question of i>re- 
scr\atioii. 

Hsu Po (flt'^)' devotes more than half of his work to how. 
to prepare and eat the lychee. He has a number of honied recipes, 
one of which calls for the mashed y:reen fruit, boiled with honey and 
then set aside in a jar for one month until it jells. Another: 
'-' Secure some fresh lychee and dry them in the sun for one da.\ . 
Remove the skin and the seeds from the meat, and to each catty add 
one and one-half catties of white honey. I^oil aver sand (a slow 
tire) until there are from lUO-lOOO bubbles. Pour into earthen jars 
inotn-on), alternately heat and cool forone day, and then in this 
earthen jar dry the mass in the sun until it solidifies. " 

I he Chinese are connoisseurs in rare ^nd dainty dishes and 
the l\chee has ofl-ered an attractive field for the development of this 
art. Canton restaurants list delicious lychee dishes with meat or 
syrup dressin^s and most of the local writers on the lychee have 
described \arious methods of saltinu, preservinu, or cannintr and dry- 
ing; the lychee. Mr. Hiui^ins' also uixes some local recipes for 
preserx inii, the fiuit. - '■■ 



' Wr rSAI AO I'lJL-Utli., Chi Li Cliih ( nli'^^) in Ku Chin luisliu 
Chi Cheiifi (Vr^ffl.'t%*l. fo H'u Hid Pirn (ffl^K^), T.ran Mnh Tir« 
(^.yj^flk), sr.-ti.m _':'4 (^r.lTL- W1^>. /.' Ch,h I'u 1 ( ^^%-\ pa^M- 7 

-HSU PO {\^M), I^i (:iiili l*'u I ^ip^S) in K>, Chn, T„ Shi< Chi 
Chrnii (■tV^ia#*'«;), /'" ll'i Hui Pnn {tf*^*i^), Ts'ao Mnh Tun 

K^M%\ Mvti.m :73 (?i*;riY L-hBi^), /-/ chih Pn : (^^^^Rr.), p;.-e <; 

• Hi^tiiti^, |.I'".., //'/ l.ifihi in f/a-iiv///, H;uv;iii AjiTiciiltnnil ICspcri- 
inciii Si.-itinii, Uullctiii no. -^-I, ii.iL!,<'^ I'-t -nil] 1 ^. 



76 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



The Chinese make a wine of the lychee which is considered 
a very great delicacy. 

Medicinal Value 

The Chinese have long recognized the curative value of the 
lychee and the lungan for certain ailments but also report that the 
raw fruit if taken in excess produce boils and oiher ailments. Some 
work has been done on the chemical analysis of the dried lychee and 
lungan (See Appendix) which should assist in arriving at more 
accurate information of the real medicinal and food value of these 
fruits. More work should still be done along this line. One of the 
m::>st rece )t articles written on this interesting and important phase of 
th2 lyche" his been that of B. E. Read/ who first quotes G. Stuart's 
Chinese Makria Medica as follows: 

"... The fruits are dried in the sun or by artificial heat, and 
are used as sweetmeat at feasts, and often given as presents to the 
newly married. They are not regarded as entirely without deleterious 
properties, and when the raw fruits are partaken of freely they are 
said to prodace feverishness and nosebleed. Partaken of in small 
quantity or in the dried form they are thirst relieving and beneficial 
to nutrition. But they are specially recommended in all forms of 
gland enlargements and tumors. The seeds are regarded as anodyne 
and are prescribed in various neuralgic disorders and in orchitis. 
The leathery external tegument of the fruits is used in decoction in 
the distress caused by small-pox eruption, and also in fluxes from, the 
bowels. The flowers, bark and root are employed in decoction in 
angina and quinsy." 

A summary of Mr. Read's^ observations on the value of the 
lychee as a drug, in his own words is: 

^^ Thirap<^uiic Activity. The diseases mentioned suggest 
the possible presence of iodide , alkaloids or a bitter substance of 
strong therapeutic action. The mention of feverishness and nosebleed 
produced when the nuts are freely partaken of, together with the 
fact that his plant is a member of the soapvvort family would point 
to the presence of saponm. No iodine was found present to account 
for its alleged action on tumors and gland enlargements, such as 
present-day treatment for goitre would suggest, and no saponin or 
sim l-.rly active substance was detected to account for its suf posed 

' Read, B E., The Edible Litchi Nut (l.itch' Chinensis) in Journal 
American Chemical Societv, v. 40 no. ?. paee 81? (May 1918V 



THE LYCHEE AND LUNdAN IN COMMERCE 11 



toxicity. When added to the resrular diet of a rabbit, for a loan 
period or when fed in as lartre a quantity as 50 tr. at one time, no 
toxic effects whatever fnjni the nuts were observed." 

A more thorough study of the comparative medicinal values 
of the lychee and lun^^an should be made at an early date. Dried 
luniran from which skin and seed have been removed can be purchased 
ill Chinese niedicine shops and as such is an article of commerce. 
In the Bullefin of Miscclloncons Infonii(flio)i of the Royal Gardens 
at Kew ' attention was called to this luniian putp in the following 
words : 

' Mr. Consul Kenny in his Report on the Trade of Tainan, 

Formosa, for the year 1896 ( Foreign Office Report, Annual Series, 

No. 2,021) draws attention to this substance in the following words: — 

Lungan is th^- fruit popularly known as the 'dragon's eye.' it is 

prepared in the form of pulp by peeling and stoning the fruit and 

drying and baking it, and is used by the Chinese as tea " 

Notes from a memorandum on the subject by Rev. William Camp- 
bell, K. R.G.S., Presbyterian Missionary at Tainan, are quoted in this 
report as follows : 

The dried Lung-ngan or Cjeng-geng, which is largely ex- 
ported from An-peng, port of Fainan, is described as the longan 
fruit (Ncpluliion longana^ 

" Natives state that the "lichi "' (Nephciiam Litclii, Cam- 
bess. ) is not very common in For/nosa. It is larger than the lung- 
ngan or geng-geng, has a thinner and much rougher outside husk, and 
contains more edible matter. 

The country of Kagi is a region where much of the geng- 
gcug yearly production is prepared for exportation. 

" The work of first heating the fruit so as to cause the soft part 
inside to shrink, of peeling the husk, and then of drying the abstracted 
soft part over a slow hre, is carried on chiefly by women and girls, who 
earn each about 60-80 cash (6-8 cents a day), besides getting the husks 
and hard inner nut for use as fuel. The work usually begins about the 
middle of the eighth month and lasts on until the end of the year. The 
dried article of export is taken to Shanghai, 5cc, and is said to be largely 
u^eJ for infusion with water as a refreshing drink or febrifuge. 

' Kew Roy;il (i.u-deus, Rulletiii of Miscellaneous Inftjrinatwii, Printed 
for His M;iir5t\'.-< stalicmerv oiriCf, Li.iulon, 1899,'paRfs 219aiul 2J(l. 



78' THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAX 



" Lunsjan pulp consists of the Heshy arillus which surrounds 
the seed; it is of a black color and leathery consistency and has a 
sweetish smoky flavour and is of an uninvitini: appearance."' 

Dried Lycluc 

The most common method of preserving: the lychee and the 
lungan is to dry them. This is done either in the sun or in ovens, 
the former preferable if the weather permits. Many of the dried 
lychee for local consumption and export are produced in the Lokan^ 
(iSfiS3) region. In this section the only \'arieties that are dried are 
Shan chih (Shan chiilj:}^), San yueh huny: ( Sam ut hun^j HiJ^), 
Huai chih (Wai chiftli) and No mi ts'z (No mai t'sz iif^#) with 
great preference for the latter. The Chinese of Lokang (MM) say 
that no other varieties are dried because of the thin skin which makes 
it impossible for them to be dried satisfactorily. 

There are two common methods of drying; the lychee; one by 
sun and one by fire. The fruits are cut off from the trees with some 
stems and leaves attached. Fruits, stems and leaves are then spread 
out on a drying floor or placed on the ground in round, bamboo 
trays and exposed to intense sunlight until the skin (now almost a 
shell) is brittle and the aril is free and rattles in the shell. The fruits 
are then cut off from the stems and further dried in the sun. When 
they are considered sufficiently dry they are placed in the open air for 
one night and the dew is allowed to fall on them. The following 
day they are again dried in the sun until the shriveled seed becomes 
very dry. The fruits are then placed in wooden tubs or earthen jars 
which are sealed with paper and stored away. Care must be taken 
not to place these jars or tubs in contact with the ground lest the dried 
fruit absorb some moisture. Before the fruits are taken to the market 
and sold they are once more spread out on trays and exposed to the 
air and dew for one night. The following day they are dried in 
sunlight for several hours and then sold. Dried lychee for home 
consumption are rarely given this night processing as the Chinese say 
there are just as good; but the flesh is black instead of an attractive 
brown color. If care is not taken in the drying process and the lychee 
are exposed to rainfall the shell turns black and the fruit is spoiled. 

Lychee are never dried in the ovens unless weather conditions 
are unfavorable for sun dryiiig. If the days are rainy when the fruit 
should be dried, stoves are constructed in the homes or in convenient 
places. Racks made bf bamboo arc built o\'er these stoves and the 



THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN IN COMMERCE 79 



fruit is dried by means of fire. Tfie round, bamboo trays commonly 
in use in Chinese villag:es for drying; purposes are about 3 feet in 
diameter. Square ovens of clay are first constructed. These are two 
or three feet hiy:h and within is placed the Chinese earthen charcoal 
stove known as fenu; lu ( fung lo U:I^J. Over this stove is placed an 
iron tray and the bamboo frame for holdinij the trays is built to cover 
the entire outfit. Seven or eiyht trays with lychee are then placed 
over the stove, one above the other, and about three or four inches 
apart. A bamboo cover is placed over the top of the stove. The 
trays are constantly shifted so that no one tray is next to the lire or 
occupies the same position for any tireat leny;th of time. The bottom 
tray m.ist b? at a distance of at least one and one -half feet from the 
fire. If the heat is too intense the lychee will turn black. 

Fhe following table indicates the yield of dried lychee secured 
from the fresh as '/wen by the people of Lokantr (^.|iSj|) : 



Fresh Urit 



lUU catties 


24-26 catties 


Joo ,, 


JO catties 


lOU* „ 


-^0 „ 


100 ,, 


30 ,, 



No mi ts'z (No mai t's/, li;ijtS^ 
San yueh huny: (Sam ut hung H^; 
Shan chih (Shan chi iljife) 
Huai chih ( VVai chi m^) 



The villagers of Lokang i M^] ) sell their dried fruit to jt)bbers 
or exporters who in turn pack it in neat packages or sell it by the 
catty In Canton the average price for the No mi ts'z ()||g^^) 
variety, other than in exceptional years, is from 60-80 cents Canton 
currency per catty. In the United States these same lychee appear 
neatly packed in pasteboard boxes and bring in the Chinese restaurants 
from $1 . 75 to $2. 00 United States currency per pound. These modern 
containers in which the lychee is presented to the foreign trade, 
gaudily printed in no less than twelve colors with birds, beasts, insects, 
fruits, flowers and women, convinces one that the Chinese are learn- 
ing modern methods of presenting their products in an attractive 
s*^yle. Across the face of the container of one company there is a 
Chinese gateway at the top of which are the American and Chinese 
flags partly hid by a scroll, upon which are the Chinese characters 
advertisinu the product contained therein. 



8'.» tkp: l^'chkk .a no i.ung w 



C(i>m(d Lijchcc (Did Lu>njnn 

In recent years lychee and lunuan canned in sugared syrup 
hive been makinir inroads upon the home and foreign markets and 
their popuhirity is rap'dly increasing. Most of the canning factories 
of South China are now canning this product. 

Food V<(Ih( of Ihc Lyclh/ 

That the lychee and hingan as fresh, canned or dried fruit have 
a great future is indicated not only by its popularity among the Chinese, 
bat als;) by its increasing popularity as a sweetmeat in western coun- 
tries. Conclusions drawn by B.E. Read ' indicate that the lychee 
makes a good supplementary food, that its calorihc value is exceed- 
ingly high and that jellies made of this fruit might be of value in 
special diets. He says: 

'''Food Valuf — The proximate compt)sition of the litchi has 
been estimated by Atwater and Bryant. Like the chestnut it is practi- 
cally fat free, contains little, if any, protein, and consists very largely 
of 'fiber and nitrogen free extract.' The latter was found to be 
composed almost entirely of simple sugars, which accounts for the 
inclusion of these nuts as a food and for the claim that they are 
'beneficial to nutrition.' 

The various extracts prepared were acid, and showed the 
presence of citric acid with possible traces of the other common fruit 
acids, which stimulate the appetite and are well known as 'thirst 
relieving substances.' There was no pectin body present; but this 
fruit with its high sugar and acid content on the addition of orange 
fruit would form an excellent jelly suitable for nephritic and other 
limited diets, required for diminishing the acidity of the urine. 

" It is reported by Street that owing to its high carbohydrate 
content 7 g. of litchi are of equivalent calorific \alue to lU g. of wheat 
bread. No other of the many fresh fruits or nuts cited by him show 
as high a value. I have found the carbohydrate to be a mixture of 
simple sugars chiefly invert sugar, a carbohydrate easily digested with 
all its energy available for use in the body. 



^ Rf.i(J, ]j.K, The Edible Litclii Nut ( Lilc/ii Chineusis) In journal 
Auu'iicati Chemical Society, v. 40 no. S, May, 1918, papes S18 and S19. 



THE LYCHEE AND LUNG AN IN COMMERCE 81 



"Examination of the ash showed considerable content of the 
mineral salts needed in a well-balanced diet; thus the nut would make 
a good supplement to foods rich in protein and those lackiny: in 
mineral matter. 

"The many valuable sugirestions of Iyan(>worthy on the use of 
fruit as a food could be applied to the canning, preserving, drying and 
general preparation of this fruit as a wholesome, palatable and attracti\ e 
addition to the diet. 

At present only a very small percentage of the lychee crop is 
dried and canned and it is very difficult to know what the total produc- 
tion of the crop in China would be. No other country, except some 
parts of India, has developed the lychee to the industry stage. 

Export 

Former Vice Consul Josselyn of Canton, in the U.S. Com- 
merce Reports of September 24, 1915, gives the approximate 
production of lychee in Kwangtung province alone as 20,000,000 to 
30,000,000 lbs. This report also contains Chinese Maritime Customs 
statistics on the export of dried lychte as follows: 



lbs. 


Value U.S. ( 


862,533 


$148,937 


1,051,333 


181,627 


412,400 


7,522 


842 


39 


360 


66 



Gold 



Canton 

Kowloon 

Hoihow 

Pakhoi 

Samshui 

2,327,468 $338,191 



CHAPTER Xll 



KNEMIKS 



Chinese writers very rarely refer to iiv.cct enemies and di- 
seases of the lychee. Their category of enemies consists of negli- 
gent husbandmen, frost and snow, unfavorable winds, salt water, bats 
and one insect which anyone who has seen the lychee crop in China 
will at once recognize, by sight and smell, as a very conspicuous 
Chinese relative of our numerous so-called "stink bugs." With the 
exception of tobacco stems soaked in water, which they use freely on 
many crops, the Chinese know very little about insecticides; of the 
use of fungicides they know practically nothing. Their belief m a 
"hand to hand" warfare is encouraged by cheap labor and they use 
some ingenious methods (fig. 41). 

A Highly Dccoralid Pentaiomuhn — Ttssaraioma papillosa 

The most common insect attacking the lychee is this species 
known among the Chinese farmers as Ch'ou p'itan ^Ch'au p'i tan 
^K.M)- The insect is highly destructive and Chinese farmers suffer 
greatly from its ravages. In the illustration (hg. 42) adults and young 
are represented life size. The eggs are laid in rows on the under surface 
of the leaves as shown in the illustration. The backs of the insects are 
decorated with bands, stripes and margins of red and yellow making 
them very difficult to distinguish on the highly colored fruit. Mr. C. 
W. Howard of the Canton Christian College reports that the nymphs 
require about two months to mature and that there seems to be a 
great difference in the life histories of individuals. He says, ' A few 
may mature in 4-6 weeks and others 8 weeks. ¥ew eggs are seen 
after June but eggs and nymphs are sometimes found even in late sum- 
mer. There seems to be only one generation each year although closer 
study may change our ideas on this." The Chinese recognize that 
unless these insects are kept under control they do great damage to 
the crop. A brown discoloration of the skin and a rotting of the 
fiesh seems to take place at the spot where these insects rest on the 
fruit. The common theory of the Chinese is that the urine excreted 
by these insects causes this discoloration and decay, and the disagree- 
able odor has given it its Chinese name. 'J'he noxious odor of these 

82 



PLATE XXXI 




Figure 42. — Serious Insect Enemy of the Lychee, Tessoratoma papulosa. 



PLATE XXXII 




Figure 41. — Killing Ischee Tree Borers with "Hisser" Firecrackers. 




Figure 43. — Trunk of I.ychee TrcL Lu\crcd with Lichens and Track of Borer, 



KXEMIE8 83 



insects exudes from the opeiiinijs on the back of the abdomen in the 
nymph sta^e and from the under side after the adult winged stage is 
reached. Mr. Howard saj's, "1 would incline to think that injury 
is caused by punctures and not by the secretion of these glands as their 
contents are discharged only when disturbed by man or enemies. 
They liavt no itriiK and excreta from digestive tract is hard.'" 
There can be no question that one of the greatest pests of the lychee 
is this insect and the Chinese combat it as best they can by climbing 
the trees and scooping the adults and nymphs in by means of nets or 
picking them by hand. Modern methods for fighting this enemy will 
be watched by the Chinese with great interest. They will be ready 
to adopt such methods as soon as shown they arc more economical 
than their present hand warfare. 

Sunn Scnriilx iiliu — Injurious Ltuf (linjirs 

Growers of up-land lychee experience considerable trouble 
with several species of Scdralniddt which they call lLu(ni<j cli'uii(j 
(Woitfj cli'uitg Vii^) . These appear in great swarms in the month 
of April, just about the time the Howerbuds of the lychee open. In 
South China hundreds of acres of rolling land are devoted to graves, 
upon which the Chinese graze their cattle. I'his sod provides an 
ideal home for the larvae of these insects and in the spring myriads 
of adults emerge and attack the leaves and flower buds of many trees. 
The chief remedial measure of the Chinese is to attack these insects 
in the adult stage. They go out with torches and pick them frcnn 
the trees. At the Canton Christian College the people pick them 
by hand, the agricultural department purchasing them by weight and 
using them for chicken food. These insects are only troublesome 
on the higher areas and are not a factor for consideration where trees 
are grown under wet conditions at any considerable distance from 
sod land. 

Mr. C.W. Moward reports the most common species found 
about Canton in the order of their importance: 

Iloploish riiiHS chiiK nsis Guer. 

IIolol rich i'l phintlxii plu uicollis Burm. 

.1 iioiii'ild r tricolor (jyll. 

Ad or ( hi -s conui.rus Burm. 

A II lost rici iir/riirii'ir.i Busk. 



S4 'riih; i,YciiKi<; an'i> ijincan 



/-//(//( ( /.( Ill (lulls 

A \crv lonsiiii'iiDiis riicniv «)f tlu* lytlu'c and liiii<fan arc 
tin- It-af i>alls uliich arc toiuul widrsincail about Canton. Mi. 
J. I'.. Iliiiiiins' trt-ats of these <:alls caiiscil by niitcs, rcpoitinu 
tluMH as liaxinu niadi' tlit-ir appcaraiuc i)n the lychcc in the Hawaiian 
Islands, lie say.s, " Specinu-ns of this mite have been submitted for 
identification to Dr. L.O. Ilt)vvard, Chief i)f the Bureau of Entomo- 
Im^v, of ilie Department of A<iriculture, \\\\o reports that the mite is 
appaientl> an undeseribeil siiecies of /■' ri(>i)i> ))( s the ^enus responsible 
for similar tliscases of other plants." The first symptoms of the 
work of these niites is ipiickl.N diseernable by the wrinkled leaves. 
On examination the early stages are easily seen as small trails embed- 
<led on the under surface of the leaves which increase in si/.e and are 
covered with a brown vehcly hairy lirowth. 

Mr. Otto ,\ Reinkmii ' reports, "Ihe most injurious affec- 
tion ou Kchee is tliree different types of leaf <:alls protluceil by insects. 
As a common thino entire branches of lca\es are attacked. I he 
symptoms of the usual uall formation is a thickened, wrinkled leaf On 
the affected portii)ns are formed many abnormal hairs of a brown color 
with a velvet-like appearance A second type of <>all is evidenced by 
a somewhat spherical enlaroement without the mmierous hairs. 'The 
thircl type is a minute j^all in the forn) of a sliiihtly enlaryed portion 
arouml the insect puncture." Further investiuation shoidd reveal 
whether or not these types of <^alls are prc)duced by the same or 
tlifVcrenI sin-cies of Enoplnn s. 

Mr. Hiuirins ' reports three ilifTeient treatments tried in Hawaii 
to kill these F.rioplnii s as follows: 

1. Solution of 10 oimces nicotin sulphate and I .^ 4 poumls 
whale-oil soap in SO uallons of water. 

Z. Resublimeil flowers of sulphur m iiowdcred form, applied 
with an ordinary power belUnvs at the rate of 4 .> 4 pi)umls tor a tree 
20 feet hi<ih and 28 feet in spread. 

.<. Solution of self-boiled bmc-sulpluir solution nuule up of 4 
pounds iiuicklime and 4 pounds flowers ot sulithur in 2S >ia!lons of 
water. 

' Ilipnins, J.K. , The i.itchi in Utiivnii, ll;uv;iii .Aiiriiiiliiii;!! I'lxprri- 
ment Station, Hiillttin No. 44, pa^cs 17 aiul 18 aiul ti^iiirtN 1 and J. 

^ Rcinkini:, t^tto A., Disftisrs ot F.a)tiomic P/(inf.< in South ftn C/iitiii. 

The ri)illp|'ln<> Aoii.-ulluiist. \'ol. Vlll. No. 4 (Nov. 1>'I')). pao,- \y-,. 



ENEMIES 85 



Mr. Higijiiis adds. ''Later examination disclosed results so 
much more favorable to the nicotin sulphate and fish -oil soap that the 
other treatments were abandoned. This spray was applied again on 
March 28 (the first on February 11), April il and 25. One tree 
received treatment on March 11. By the end of April the mites 
were practically eradicated." 

.1 Lyi'lnt I'rn Horir 

Another ver> common insect attacking the Ivchee is a tree 
b.jrvjr. Irs work is very manifest on both lychee and lunean by the 
debris left upon the bark of the trees (fig. 4.^). Mr. C.W. Howard 
of the Canton Christian College is working: with this insect, which he 
has not yet ideiuihed. The Chinese are constant in their warfare 
against this borer by piercing it wiih wire thrust into the channels 
which it bores in the trunk of the tree; or by making "hisser" 
firecrackers which aro spurted into the holes, thereby burning or 
suffocating the insect in its lar\a stage vfig- 4"'. Some rimes the 
holes are plugged with tallow which is also said r<i l>e \ erv effect 
in smotherinu the life out of the lar\ae. 



ive 



Modi I. ami Atl>ici>ing Fioiar N/V/jks (//((/ Fnili 

In the vicinity of Canton the larva of some insect quite com- 
monly attacks the flower stems of the lychee. Larvae are also some- 
times found in the fruit. But whether or not the two are of th? same 
species has not as yet been determined. Mr. Higgins ^ also reports 
a lychee fruit worm at work in Hawaii, " the larva of a tertricid moth 
(CnjpiopJikhia ilhpida).'' The relationship of these insccis 
cannot be known until these at work about Canton arc identified. 

SraJi Insicfs (incl Otlur h')K'»n(s 

Some scale insects also attack the lychee and lunonn but the 
infection has never been noted as \er\ serious. 

Mr. Higgitis ' reports from Hawaii a root inhabiting mealy 
buii, the hemispherical scale l^aissctia Ju mi sph erica, the Japanese 
beetle Adorcfus fc tiuimnculot US a\^d the hrva tti a moth Archips 

' Hii?eins, J.K., T/,r l.itc/ti in [hi-n.\'iii, Ha\v:iii .Agricultural Fvptrnv.frt 
St.Ttion. Billftin \o. 44, \x\s:e< 1> .ir.d !<>. 



86 THK lA'ClIKE AND HJNGAN 



poslvitLanas. In its immunity to the .Mediterranean fruit tl\ Mr. 
Hi(r<j:ins classifies the lychee with the banana and pineapple. 

h\ addition to insect enemies bats often attack the trees when 
the fruit is about ripe. In China these Jftft driven off by means of 
Siontrs sounded in the trees durinu' the early hours of the evening or 
by means of nets erected about the trees (h^. 21,^. 

Minor, superficial fungi can be found on the leaves of 
lychee and luntjan but in (jeneral the thick, tou^rh, (flossy nature of 
the leaves makes their susceptibility to funtji very slijjht indeed. 
.Mr. Otto A. Reinking ' reports undetermined leaf spots and says. 
" The lychee tree is remarkably free from all injurious fungus attacks. 
The tree apparently is very healthy, with waxy, resistant leaves and 
a healthy bark. A black superficial leaf mold caused by a fundus of 
the Mcliola or (Japiiodiam type is present, but never in a serious 
form. Minute black specks of a fungus of the Micropenis form 
may also be observed. " 

LicJictis and A'<j>i( 

Lichens are very common on the trunks of lychee trees (fig. 
4-^). There are a number of undetermined species of both lichens 
and algae appearing on the trunk, branches and even the leaves of 
these trees. 



' Rclnkinu-, Otto A., Diseases of Ecnnnmk lianls in SuutJicni ( fiiiui, 
V I'luliiipinc Agric-ulturist, Vol. VIIl, No. 4, (Nov. 1919), P.ioc 123. 



CHAPTER XIII 



VARIETIES OF THE LVCHEE 

A fair indication of the interest and attention which the Chinese 
have y;iven the lychee is manifested in the (ireat number of varieties 
one finds listed in the literature of China and i.n the careful classifica- 
tion of the fruit on the markets of the country. The varieties are far 
too numerous for commercial culture, but a standardization has not 
been developed, due chiefly to the lack of intercourse between 
sections producing this fruit and of orKanization amony,- nurserymen 
and growers. The varieties also run to grades which the wholesale 
markets are quick to recognize, often to the disadvantage of the 
grower. Numerous Chinese writers have carefully listed these 
varieties. 

Writers from Fukien, and they have been by far the greater, 
have striven to prove that Fukien produces the best lychee, but those 
describing Kwangtung varieties just as strongly assert that this section 
produces the best. Residents of the two provinces are to-day equally 
as emphatic in their claims for the home-grown product. Wu Ying 
K'uei ' in his Ling Nan Li Chih P'u tried to settle the argumen^t 
interestingly by asserting that the Emperor Han Wu Ti (^g^-i^), 
when he wished to transport lychee to Ch'angAn (jl:'^), took all 
from " Chiao Chou " (Coc hin China) . He also proved his claim 
in favor of Kwangtung by showing that in the time of the T'ang 
dynasty, T'ien Pao {y<.'M) , the queen, was very fond of lychee. 
If secured from Szechwan or Fukien the way would have been much 
nearer, but instead " flying riders " were provided and the '^ Nan 
Ildi''^ \^M) district in Kwangtung provided the Queen with the 
best in the land. She did not get any from Fukien. On the other 
hand the Pen Ts'ao Tu Ching (7^'^.MM^, as pointed out in the 
Annals of Fukien, places Fukien first, Szechwan second, and Ling 
Nan last. But as a matter of fact Szechwan hardly deserves to be 
ranked as a lychee producing province. 

' WU YING K'UEl i^mm, Lii»s Nan Li Cliih P\i {m\1iM^m) In 
l.nifi Nan I S/,u (l^j^xti^), Book ^9 (STiL/t:), section 5 (^H), l-agc 1 
an<l 2 (-' MifcZllL)- 

87 



88 THE LYCHEE AND LUNG AN 



As earlj- as 1492 in the Annals of tukien there was published 
a list of 40 varieties at the head of which are the names of the three 
sent as a contribution to the Emperor. These three and 30 follow- 
ing are apparently those which this writer wishes to designate the 
" water lychee " and the best general type; for at the end of the 
list he names 7 varieties which he calls the " mountain lychee", the 
first three of which he has classified as "medium'' quality. Ts'ai 
Hsiang in his Li Chih P'u lists 12 varieties under what he calls the 
"Chen family purple'' class and 20 under the Hu pi (ik^) or 
"tiger skin" class. In writing of these 32 varieties Ts'ai Hsiang 

says, " Those which are named after the families which produce 

them are the best known. When the name of a locality is mentioned 
in the description of a variety, it indicates that it is a variety peculiar 
to that particular place. Those varieties which are not named after 
families, and no particular place of production is mentioned, probably 
grow in all four places Foochow ()Pf5;)tl), Chuanchow i^'M), 
Hinghwa (©Ifcl, and Changchow (flc'HI) — prefectures of Fukien.'' 

Sung Yu (t^S)^ in his Li Chih P'u names 22 kinds of lychee 
growing in the Kwang provinces that Cheng Hsiung (gl^Bs) has 
previously recorded, while in the Armals of Kwangtung there are 
listed about 30 varieties and Wu Ying K'uei ^ in his Ling Nan Li 
Chih P'u lists more than 70 varieties. Most of these he carefully 
describes, states the chief districts in which they are grown and gives 
the history of their origin. A list of his " Ling Nan " varieties is 
also appended. Mr. F. D. Cheshire, formerly L^. S. Consul at 
Canton, in a report on the lychee published in Plant Immigrants, a 
multigraphed bulletin issued by the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant 
Introduction, and quoted in the Litchi in Hawaii, briefly described 
15 Kwangtung varieties. 

The Chinese of Kwangtung say that the lychee has more 
varieties than any other fruit. This they believe to be due to the 
tendency of the lychee to change its qualities under different cultural 

' SUNG YU (5ica), Li Chih P'u C^^s^) in Ku Chin Tu Sfiii Chi 
Chen^ [r^^^nm^), Po IVu Hid Pmi m^''MU), T.rao Mtih Tiet> 
(-^;^%\ section 273 (|^rW-b+3#), /-/ Chi/i Pii 1 (f,^EfK-«). pafre 8 

2 WU YING K'UEI (%mM'', Ling- N;in Li Chih P'u (|^|^^^§S* in 
Ling Nan I Shiie (|gi^it:T-), l^nnk 59 (15.-f%i^). section 4 (^pi]#), rape 

1-10 (-^.-f^^V 



VARIETIES OF THELYCTTEE >^9 



and soil conditions. I'hey i-ecoy:nize the extreme difficulty to per- 
petuate the desirable characteristics of hiy;hly prized varieties under 
conditions other than those in which the fruit has had its oryin. At 
the present time it is quite easy to list as many as 40 or 5(J varieties 
of lychee recognized in Kwan^tunjj. A list of 49 \arieties in 
Chinese character, Mandarin and Cantonese romanization, and with 
English equivalents will be found in the Appendix. Hut 15 distinct, 
widely-known and commercial varieties is a fair estimate for Kwanc- 
tung. More than half of these are readily found in season on the 
markets of Canton city where they are attractivel\- displayed to a 
discriminatinij: public. 

From close contact with the people of Kwan<itune I am led 
to believe that there is greater intelliy:ence on the part of the a\'erage 
Cantonese with reijard to the names of the varieties of the lychee, and 
their respective t>ood and had qualities, than there is on the part of 
the average citizen of the West with regard to varieties of important 
fruits. The average Cantonese student or peasant will quickly tell 
you why he considers the No mi ts'z (No mai t "sz i|3fe^ ) better 
than the Huai chih 'Wai chi vi^) or the Kuei wei ( Kwai mi ^rii|;- ) 
better than the Hei yeh (Hak ip jS^). In South China few Chinese 
feasts are complete unless they are begun or finished with the lychee, 
dried or fresh. And when the fruit is in season the conversation of 
the feasters often turns to the quality of different lychee, or to a 
iramble as to the size of the seed in the fruit about to be opened. 

Among the fifteen common varieties of lychee in Kwangtung 
there is a wide range with regard to earliness, general attractiveness, 
sweetness and size of fruit. The color and surface te.xture of the 
skin, the texture, taste and fragrance of the flesh and the size of the 
seed are all qualities which soon determine in the mind of the con- 
sumer the value of a \ariety. By judicious selection and careful 
propagation by experts these varieties have been fi:c(d. The cultural 
requirements for the different varieties, though not known by the 
average farmer, are recognized by specialists who are engaged in the 
nursery business and who are quick to recommend to the grower, 
varieties which may be best adapted to his conditions. In this con- 
nection it is a significant fact that one of the common general 
classifications of varieties is the )iiouHt(ihi and the wnhr types, 
the latter containing bv far the most. 



90 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAS 



In the following description of these varieties it has been 
difHcuIt to carry our, with any degree of clearness to those unac- 
quainted with this fruit, distinguishing: characteristics. 7 he Chinese 
in their remarks concerning the different qualities of the lychee are 
very clear cut in their terminology, much of which is difficult to 
translate into good English. 

The form of the lychee they speak of as rou nd, egg-sh aped or 
heart-shiped. In describing the fruit in more detail they refer to the 
base as the ti {tai Ja) and to the calyx end as the ting (teng I^) or 
top. They also speak of the shoulders which they term Hang chun 
{U.ung kin ^)fi). These they say are high or low or one higher 
than the other. The terms used in describing the size of the fruits 
are much the same as in English. The Chinese have many words 
to describe color but that of the lychee is usually referred to as 
red or green red. They refer to the skin, which they speak 
of as k'o yhok *$) or shell, as thick or tJiin, rough or smootJi, 
The markings or dots on the lychee are quite characteristic and for 
these they have a special term, the chu ti (chu tai ^^). They are 
also quick to recognize any special lines on the fruits whereby varieties 
may be distinguished. 

The flesh of the fruit the Chinese refer to as jou (yuk ^) 
or meaf and they speak of it as poh {pok fi) thin or hen {hnu jr^) 
thick. They recognize at once a difference of color in the 
a sh and are quick to describe it. They speak of the flesh as shicavg 
{shong ^) meaning crisp or knn shwang ' kon shong ^^ 
meaning dry and crisp. With reference to the juice contamid 
within the lychee they recognize that in some varieties it is more 
readily held wiihin the flesh than in others. That is, when the skin of 
some varieties is removed, the juice of the aril remains entirely within 
the flesh whereas in other varieties the juice tends to run out into the 
skin or shell as it does in some grapes. The Chinese term co\ering 
this quality is kan chieh {kf>n kit ll?l) which literally means '"dry 
and clean;" and of the many different characteristics of the lychee, 
this is one of the most highly prized by the Chinese. These juices 
they speak of as "water" which they sgy is " much" or "little. " 
The Chinese also have a term to cover that part of the fruit which 
we speak of as the rag. This they call cha (}t) ^^hich they say is 
"much" or "little" and which largely determines the quality of 
the fruit. It is the small amount of rag which gives the lychee its 
superiority over the more tropical rambutan. 



VARIETIES OF THE LYCHEE 91 



There is a wide range of flavor in the different varieties of 
lychee and the Chinese have som:: interesting expressions to cover 
this qualiry. For example suaii (sun @) is a sour acid flavor 
whereas sM'/« t'ien (sun i'im g^St^' or sour-siveet is a mild sub-acid 
flavor. The xtrmscli' big t'ien {is'ing Tim VwfSt) clear sweetness and 
clio t'ien (chuk t'lm \M^) or dull sweetness are often used. Some- 
times they also use lisiang t'ien 'Jicung i'lm ^^) meaning /ragrrawf 
sweetness and mi t'ien (mat t'lm^Sti) meaning "honey sweetness" 
in describing the flavor of the lychee. 

The seeds of this fruit are of two chief kinds: the mature, 
well-developed ones which the Chinese call ia ho (iai hat i^l^) or 
hig seed and the shrivelled, immature ones which they call chiao ho 
{tsiu hat ,%^) which literally means scorched seed. 

The following descriptions of some of the varieties of the 
lychee are listed here somewhat in the order of their importance as 
commercial fruits or in propagation. 

No mi ts'z (No mat t'sz ^^^) — Glutinous rice 

The No mi (ifi^) or glutinous rice, characterized by its sticky 
or glutinous quality, is one of the most common and highly prized 
var.eties of rice in China. A great quantify of the Chinese rice wine 
is made from this kind of rice. Why the Chinese should name 
one of their best lychee after this rice 1 have never heard explained. 
The No mi ts'z 'ff^^)'is sometime called Shui ching hwan ; Shiu 
tsing un tKh^jIl) which must not be confused with Shui ching ch'iu 
(Shui tsing k'au ii^.^^^ a distinct variety Most of the No mi ts'z 
(No mai t'sz?i^#j, also sometimes written i^^c^ , are produced 
in the district ot Pan yu (P'un U ^^''. The Lo kang MM) region 
is especially famous for its production of a superior type. 1 his 
varie;y is commonly propagated by Chinese air-layering but the 
quality of the fruic thus produced (fig. 44) is not considered to be so 
good as those which have been inarched or grafted on the " mountain 
lychee" (fig. 45). This practice, widely followed at Lo kang, 
doabtles'3 accounts for the superior fruit produced there. 

The leaves of trees of this variety are rather small and do not 
form a very dense head. The leaflets are quite long, pointed and 
the margin, especially at the tip, is somewhat wavy. Petioles are 
short 



92 THir LYCHirii A^ND LUIN G AN 



This variety appears on tbe markets rather late in th^e season 
but commands a high price and there never seems to be an over 
supply, probably due to the fact that an excess production is used for 
drying. Some people dispute the superiority of the No mi ts'z (No 
mait'szi|^:)|t^) over the Kuei wei (Kwai mi ^i^), which appears on 
the Canton markets about the same time. The fruit of the No mi tsz 
is one of the largest of any and good fruit will average about three- 
fourths of an ounce in weight. Good types of this variety have 
exceptionally small and shrivelled seeds which will not germinate. 
This quality doubtless places it in the first class. The form of the 
fruit is somewhat rounded, but with prominent shoulders (Hg. 45), 
one of which may be somewhat higher than the other. The skin is 
roughened and markings prominent. The fruit is red and this color 
is also quite evident on the inside of the skin. The flesh is solid, 
crisp and of a fragrant, sweet flavor. It is so dry and dea)i that 
the Chinese remark that when the fruit is first opened the flesh can 
be wrapped in thin tissue paper without even moistening the paper. 
The flesh is very smooth and is said to resemble fat. It is one of 
the best varieties for drying and large quantities are thus preserved. 

Khu III {Kira ink ^i\^^i) — Jlan<jin<j (jixin 

If one were to consider fame this variety should certainly come 
first. It is the most mystical of all varieties and Chinese literature is 
full of interesting stories connected with it. It is produced in the 
hilly district of Tseng Ch'ing (Tsang shing lt"ij^) where the original 
tree is still to be seen near a monastery. This tree has been described 
under Tseng ch'ing — :he Home of a Lychee of National fame. ^ 

The. leaves of this variety are deep green, small, narrow and 
quite pointed. It appears on the markets after the Huai chih fWai 
chi ?ft=t$) but is not very commonly found on the markets of Canton. 
Before the time of Republic much of the fruit of this variety was sent as 
contribution to officials and used for presentation purposes. In those 
days I had one Kua lu {^!f^) presented to me in a little red box and 
my friend informed me that he had paid one dollar for it. I took it 
to an expert on the lychee who at once informed me that it could 
not have been from the original tree as it did not have the green tip 
and line characteristic of the fruits of this tree. It is this tip and line 
which gives the fruit the name "hanging green. " 

* Sec ///■/ti'/, clKqittT VII, pasic Ml 



PLATE XXXIII 




Figure 45. — Natural Size and Natural Color Reproduction of the No mi ts'z — 
Glutinous rice — Lychee. 



VARIETIES OF THE LYCIIEE 9i 



The fruits are quite lar'^e, routxh, but without prickles. The 
skin is thin, soft autl red and said to resemble that of the No mi ts'z 
( ^^'M)- I^ut the seed is much larger and the sweetness of a more 
spriohtly sub-acid tiavor. The flesh is dry and crisp and like the No 
mi ts'z can be wrapped in tissue paper without wettiny; the paper. It 
is said to keep very well. The fruit of the orif^inal tree is noted for 
its medicinal qualities and for its wonderful taste and fra<!;rance. 

Kmi trci {Kirai mi f|rn|i) — ('iiniainoti flavor 

The Kuei wei (l?fei^) is a very popular commercial \ariety 
<jrown largely in the Pan yu (P'un u ^^ > district, especially at Lo 
kang, {MW andShangyung (Sheung ch'ung J^f^). Compared with 
the Mo mi ts'z {^^<^) , the flesh of which is said to he fatty, the 
Chinese speak of the iCuei wei l^B^) as like lean meat. Foi" this 
reason they say it can be eaten in greater quantities. In form the 
fruit is somewhat smaller than the No mi ts'z {1^^<.^) and inclines a 
little more to the heart shape. It has a very rough, but pretty red 
skin, which tinges to green. P'ruits of the Kuei wei ( |;{:p,^ j , the skin 
of which is altogether red, are said to be very inferior to those with 
the green markings. This green color of the skin usually appears on 
the shoulders 7'hese is usually a line, or constriction in the skin, 
running around the fruit which is quite characteristic. The 
roughened character of the skin, which is quite prickly, is another 
prominent feature of this fruit. In Lo kang i.WM) there is a type of 
Kuei wei (f^iiji! called the Yah t'ou lu ( Ap t'au luk fJlliiKif^) which 
is said to be the best type of this variety. The seed of the Kuei 
wei (^B^) is very small and dry. I'he flavor is very sweet and 
fragrant, from which the \ariety doubtless gets its name of " cinnamon 
tiavor. "' 

llsidiKj li (IlaiiKj lai ^'^)^-F vagrant IijcIkc 

This variety is produced at \arious places in Kuang chou 
( Kwong chau ^-ffl j but the best are produced in Sin Hsing (San hing 
^^) district. In factthe fruitis often called the Sin hsing hsiangli (San 
hing heung lai ^fl#^) to designate that it is superior to any Hsiang 
1' (#^^ produced elsewhere. The original tree of this variety, which 
is said to have been the best, was located at Liu tsu fa t'ong (Luk tso 
fat t'ong >'<W^^) in Sin Hsing (San hing^H). This temple is a 
Buddhist temple named after Liu tsu (Luk tso ;i?^f|.), who was the sixth 
and last patriarch of the Buddhist Church in China. The founder of 
Buddhism in CbiiKi was Tat-mo who came in the fourth century. 



94 THIi LVCHEE AND LUNGAN 



From him the headship of the Church was transmitted throus^h a 
succession of patriarchs and ended at the close of the seventh century 
in the death of Lulc-tso. ' Luk-tso's real name was Lu Hwei-neng 
and his native village was Lo-ts'uen, near the present city of Sin 
Hsin<r (San hing^^J, in Kwangtung. He was born there in 525 
A. D. ' It is interesting to note that the origin of this variety has at 
least an indirect connection with the life of this famous Kwangtung 
Pniddnist. 

The trees of this variety are of a somewhat different appearance 
from those of other varieties. The tree is more upright in habit and 
the leaves, which are small and pointed, tend to grow upward. T'he 
fruits are small deep red in color, very rough nnd with many 
prickles, like the Kuei wei (^.(*) (fig 46). The flavor is very 
fragrant and delicious and is said to be even better than that of the 
Kuei wei (^1^). The seeds of good types of this variety are smaller 
than those ot any oth^r variety. The Chinese say they are so small 
that one cannot eat sufficient fruit of this variety to fill a wine glass 
with the seeds. 

The fruit appears on the markets rather late. Districts other 
than Sin hsing (San hing^H) are said to have attempted to place 
this variety on the markets, bat these are inferior as the character of 
the fruit quickly changes when grown in other localities. This fact 
has resulted in the production of other varieties that are somewhat 
similar to the Hsiang li ''#^). One of these, a very small fruit a 
little longer in form than the Hsiang li '§=^), is a variety known as 
Lung ya li (F/Ung nga lai n|3f^) or " Dragon tooth lychee." 

Hsi chio /.s/t {Sai luh fsz 0"^^) — liUinoccrus iiorii 

This variety also had its origin is Tseng ch'ing (Tsang shing 
^^) ■ One immense tree, which is said to be one of the original trees, 
is still growing at Liao ts'un ( Liu ts'un ^H) and is shown in figures 
47-48. In this district the fame of this variety is next to that of the 
Kua lu imm) 

The fruit is large, fragrant and sweet and the Hesh is some- 
what fibrous and tough. It is a very early variety, in this respect 
ranking ahead of Ta tsao (Tai tso :^it) which follows it. The 
trees are said to grow larger than those of Ta tsao < ;/cia), and are not 

^ Henry, B.C., I Jng-Num or Interior I'teixs nf Soul/uni (Jma, S. \V. 
Partti.loT ;in(l Co., I-nndon, I8S6, p:ior 224. 



PLATE XXXIV 




Figure 47. — Original Parent Tree of Hsi chio tsu — Rhinoceros horn — Variety. 




Figure 48. — An Immense Lychee — Rhinoceros horn — Tree with Trunk Twelve 
Feet in Circumference. 



> 

w 




E 2 



o ^ 

.5 -S 



ta 




I 1? 



X o 



VAUIETIES OF THE LYCHEE 95 



so compactly headed as those of the latter. The trunk and branches 
are very irregular the leaves are not dark in color. The fruits 
arc quite large, full at the top and sharp at the bottom, giving it 
the appearance, it is said, of a rbinocerous horn. The seeds also arc 
wide at the top and narrow at the bottom and the skin is quite rough. 

Jhi ydi {llak ip 5?,^) — lilacl,- haf 

The Hei yeh (JS^) is one of the most widely known and 
popular varieties in Kwangtung. It is widely planted, but certain 
places are known to produce fruits of the better types. In the dis- 
trict of Shun te (Shun tak ii|g^.), village of Ch'en ts'un (Ch'an ts'un 
[Sfitt^j there isavariety called the Chin ch'ai tzu (Kam chai tsz ^IXiT-) 
the fruit of which, in shape and color, somewhat resembles that of 
Hei yeh (j?^^). The fruit has small seeds and sweet taste and is 
sometimes called Hei yeh (%M)- 

A characteristic feature of the Hei yeh (^^^) is the color of 
the leaves which are very dark and from which the variety gets the 
name "Black leaf." The leaves are long and wide, pointed and 
slightly curled. The tree is densely covered with them. The petioles 
are quite long. 

7 he fruit ripens in June and July, the season in which the 
best lychee appear, and appears after T'ang po (T'ong pok J^ll). 
Those ripening in the Chinese season known as Hsia chih ( Ha chi 
f[^) are said to be the best and true type, it is a medium sized 
fruit with thin, soft skin (fig. 49). The shoulders arc wide. fhc 
color is not so red as many varieties and somewhat green tinted. The 
seed is usually fully developed, of good size, and readily germinates. 
The inside of the sicin and sometimes the flesh is slightl\ pink. The 
flesh is sweet and crisp. 

This variety is said to be one of the best of the ' 'water lychee ", 
but it is also recommended for upland conditions if sufficient water 
for irrigation is assured. It is a beautiful tree and quite widely used 
as an ornamental. 

Fci Isu lisluo {Fi tsz sin JfiiP-^) — Inipo-ial coiiCKlnm '.s latiyli 

This interesting variety had its origin in Fatshan (f^itl), an 
important delta city near Canton. The fruits of this variety appear- 
ing on the markets are produced in Pan yu (P'un u^f^) district. 
The color of this fruir is described as that of amber; the size and 



9b THE LVCHEK ANJ) LUNGAN 



shape that of a uoose ey:u and the sweetness of honey. The 
skin is thin, the meat is thick and the seed is very small. The juice 
is somewhat milky. The flavor is very fragrant and is said to remo\e 
any bad odors from the mouth and to give the teeth a fragrance which 
will last over night. In general appearance the fruits produced at 
the present time are said to resemble those from the original tree 
except that the form is somewhat more elongated and the skin more 
dotted. The seeds are sometimes large and sometimes \ery small 
( Hg. 50). It is an early ripening variety appearing shortly after 
San yueh hung (Sam ut hungHil^l). 

T'any i'o {T'omj po!; iJt-S* — I'oiul (inhaiil, hk nl. 

This is another very early variety widely planted throughout 
Kwangtung. In Pan yu (P'un u ^Wi) district it will be found at Pel 
shan ( Pak shan ^bUl), I^un t'ou (Lun t"au i^i'ii > , T' u hua (T'o wa 
-fc^ ! and Li chiao ( ivik kau 'M'^ ' • It ripens about ten days after San 
yueh hung (Sam ut hung HiJ^t). 

I'he leaves are small and somewhat like those of the Huai 
chih (Wai chi tI^'^) The fruit is said to resemble the egg of a pigeon. 
The skiti is red and roughened. The flesh is thin and juicy and 
with little rag. The fiavor is quite sour. 

Slujug lioii Inidi {Sin uii(j slm ifiiil^i\\%) — '' Trt sidatl of a hourd 

This variety probably has its origin in Fukien as it is reported 
that an official known by the title of Shang shou (fi^^) i.e., a President 
of a Board, went from Kwangtung to a place in Fukien and brought 
back with him seed of a fruit the tree of Which ga\e origin to this 
variety. 

The fruit ripens abcnit the same time as the No mi ts'z 
(li^S) and is quite widely grown in Kwangtung. The leaves are 
quite small. The fruit is large and rounded in form. The skin is red 
with many large dense spots. The inner part of the skin is pink and 
adheres slightly to the upper part of the seed. The flesh is quite 
easily separated from the seed and the Haxor is sweet but with little 
fragrance. The seeds yary in si'/-e. 




hJ 



^Ji g 



« 3 



H 



b 




y. 
y 

<; 





d-J 



H 



VAKrETIES OF THE [A'CJIEE 



(Jli'a nut l.su {('lia ma Is.: ^M^^ — China (jrass filx r. 

This variety is produced in Lo kany; i Lo kontr ^IMJ j and 
ripens shortly after Kuei wei (Kwai mi ^n^). The leaves are quite 
larire and densely crowded on the tree, tending to fold over one an- 
other and hany, downward The petioles are ion-r. 

The fruits are quite laro;e and said to be shaped like a thumb 
or chicken heart. The shoulders are quite hi<ih up. The skin is 
rou^h, but the markings lari>e and few (fi<>:. 51). The inner skin is 
very red. The flesh is quite dry and crisp and tends to stick to the 
seed which may be lar<;e or small. It is considered to be a very 
frairrant variety, but not of especially fine llav(jr. 

Ta Is'U) ' 'I (ti I ISO X'^) — fjdffjc crop 

This is a very commonly <irown variety, widely scattered over 
many of the districts borderintr Canton. It ripens quite early appear- 
in(> after Hei yeh (Hak ip JSH). The fruit is somewhat e^^^r-shaped 
with rou{>h skin and many dots, which are dense and small. The 
skin is a bri<:ht red. The fiesh is quite solid and crisp, but with lines 
of yellow color especially near the seed which is lariic. Some of the 
juices run out into the skin upon opening. The flavor is rather sweet. 

II iiui rliih (Wdicliii^^) — Tin M'di li'i Vir I ij(li(,i_ 

I'his is perhaps the most common variety and the cheapest. 
It ripens quite late in the season for the best flavored lychee, but its 
very lart»:e seed and watery nature place it in a somewhat inferior class. 

The leaves are medium lanje and not pointed. The form of 
the fruit is quite round. The skin is of medium smoothness; not 
nearly so smooth as the Hei yeh (^^). The dots or markings are 
few and small. In sreneral appearance it much resembles the Hei 
yeh i^-tM) and the best types of this variety are often sold for Hei 
yeh i^M) (fig- 52). The color of the skin is a ^rood red and inside 
the skin is pink. Seeds of this variety germinate readily and it is a 
vigorous grower, very easily propagated and cultured. It is said to 
be one of the most satisfactory general purpose varieties as it is a 
high vielder and has a long season. 



98 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



>^mi yudi hung (Sam ut Jnouj B!']^) — ''Third nionili nd" 

This is the earliest maturing; lychee produced in Kvvangtuny;. 
It appears on the markers in early May and finds a ready sale in spite 
of its inferior quality compared with lychee produced later. A 
villatre by the name of !VIa yuen vMa un JftH] ) in Sunwui [M"^) 
district is very famous for its production of this variety. At this place 
the fruit is known under the name of Tsao kuo iTso kwo ^JR- ) , 
meaninir early fruit." It is also sometimes called Tsao li ( 1 so 
lai ¥-^) or "early lychee." It is grown chieHy alony: the dykes and 
is quite readily distinguished from other varieties. The variety is 
said to have originated in the Heungshan (#lll) district near the 
village of Sha yung (Sha ch'ung vJJjft). A Sung dynasty emperor is 
reported to have visited this village, stopping with a family by the name 
of Ma ( .n^ ' . The emperor was very fond of lychee, but as it was early 
summer not any of the fruit had ripened. But strangely it was found 
that fruit from some trees had ripened and thus the variety was 
originated. 

The leaves of this variety are quite long and pointed and much 
thicker than other varietes. The branches of tree are said to be very 
brittle and easily broken off. The fruit is exceptionally large, averag- 
ing over an ounce in weight (hg. 33). The skin is thick and tough 
with few but large markings. The fruit is red but not brilliantly so. 
The flesh is quite thick, not very sweet and with much rag. The 
seeds are long and not matured. 

Fai la Ji chili {Pale lap lai clii ^M'^ii) — While wax lijduc 

This fruit is also known under the name of Po le tzu (Pak 
lik tsz Q^^, — white fragrant plant. The fruit is quite common 
in the Heungshan (#llj) district and ripens after the Huai rhih 
( Wai chi iH^) . The fruit is large and rounded with pink rough 
skin and many lage dots. The flesh is not particularly sweet, some- 
what stringy and tending to a pink color. The seeds are usually 
large. 

Shan chih. {Shan chi ilj:^) — Mountain hjvha 

This is the variety which is doubtless nearest the wild form 
and it is found widely scattered through(>ut Kwangtung. It is usually 
found in the hills rather than along streams. It is grown in many 
places and recognized as especially valuable fof stock on which to 
grow the better varieties. It is sometimes known under the name 
Suan chih (Sun chi fi^fe) or "sour lychee." 



VARIETIES OF THE LYCHEE 99 



The leaves are very large, wide and quite pointed. Petioles 
are short. The tree is an upright grovi^er and twigs also tend upward. 
It ripens very irregularly, some late and some early. The form is 
rather elongated with a ^ery roughened skin and bright red color. 
The flesh is thin, the seed exceptionally large (fig. 54) and the juice 
is sour. The flavor is said to depend upon the soil and cultural 
methods and the Chinese believe that the character of this variety 
can be quickly changed under cultivation. 

A number of so called varieties of lychee have originated from 
the Shan chih (ilili), such as for example the Mi kuei (Mai kwai 
Mfk), Chia huai (Ka wai Ut^^, Ta niu ku (Tai ngau ku 'X^^) , 
Ta ch'iaoch'un (Ma tseuk ch'un ^^fil), Cheng paohou (Ch'ang 
pau hau ^i^'o^) , and Ting sz niu (Ting sz ngau ^fE^-). 

One of the most interesting types of mountain lychee thus far 
reported is that called Yeh shan chih (Ye shan chi |flU1$) or 
"wild mountain lychee." This fruit has been reported as growing 
in the West river region. A search has been made for the tree or 
trees which are said to exist, but thus far without success. The 
fruit is said to resemble the lychee, but with hairs instead of prickles. 
The tree is very large and tall and the seed very light in color. 

In addition to the fifteen varieties described there are many 
others of commercial importance or of purely local interest. The Ya 
niang hsieh (A neung hai 5SKRII) is a promising new variety coming 
from the Lo kang ( Lo kong ^|Sj) region. It is said to rival the 
No mi ts'z (No mai t'szili^^^ but as yet has made little progress 
on the Canton markets. The Pu tai (Potoi^fg^) has also originated 
from the same place as the Ya niang hsieh (ffijiiM^), The Chuang 
yuan hung (Chong un hung HicTCfe) is quite popular and can be 
purchased on the Canton markets (fig. 55). The Yu ho pao (Yuk 
ho pao (Yuk ho pau 3£ii'Y^) is a very common early variety appear- 
ing immediately after the San yueh hung (Sam ut hung H9#j) 
Many claim that it is a type of Sam yueh hung (H^&) but the 
evidence to hand leads us to think it is more of a distinct variety than 
many of the other so-called varieties. 

An analytical descriptive table of some of these important 
lychee \arieties appears on the following pages. 



KM) 



Analytical Table 



■Z ^ 



Number of fruits 
Cc. of juictj 
VVeijjht of seeds (oz. ) 
Weisrht of flesh (oz. ) 
Weitrht of skin (oz. ) 
^Vei<zht of leaves 

and stem (oz. ) 
Weight of rag: (oz. ) 
Longitudinal dia. (in. ^ 
Latitudinal dia. [\n. ) 
Loniritudinal cir. (in.) 
Latitudinal cir. (in.) 



Seec5 



Color of Skin 



Surface of Skin 



Shape 



Juice all held within aril or 

some in skin upon opening 



Flavor 

Average date when the variety 
can usuallv be secured 



Z 1 ^ 




20 


26 


270 


240 


1/2 


1/2 


1.-5 


11 1/2 


1 1/2 


2 


1 


2 


6 1/2 


2 


11/4 


11/S 


11/2 


1 1/4 


4 3/8 


1 15/ 


4 7/16 


4 


Siiiull ami 


Small an 


sliriveled 


ilried 


Rounded 


Rounde 


witli 


with 


tn]! broad 


top hror 


])Iat«- 1 


platel 


3. O-R 


3. O-R 


h Rosf 


b Rose 


Doret- 


Dore 


Rough 




with 


Very rotij 


few dots 




All 


All 


within 


within 


Sweet, 
honey 
frafjrant 


Honey 

sweetnes 



July 8 



portant L-ychee Varieties lot 



li 



2 a; 










-^ Ic i^ 


-"^ - i« 


^ 




JZ 




:c <j 


c -^ 


^ o 


^.?J 




:|^ 


.- :5 ^ 




U u 


•K 


3 > 


^ 


^1^ 


= S ^ 






X "^ 




«^ -^ 


2 ^ 










^ ^ -m 


Ea '^- 












26 


22 




28 




17 


260 


210 




240 




235 


1 


2 




2 




2 


n 1/2 


11 1/2 


10 




11 


2 1/2 


2 




i 




2 


1 


1/ 


'2 


1 




I 


2 


2 1. 


^2 


2 




2 1/2 


11/4 


1 S/4 


11/ 


'16 


1 7/16 


11/4 


15/16 


1 1/8 


1 9/16 


4 1/8 


4 7/16 


4 




4 9/16 


4 1/8 


.U/ 


^16 


4 1/ 


M6 


4 3/4 



Large and 
small 


Large and 

small 
elongated 


Large 


Large 


Ronnd 


Rounded 






with 
broadened 


with 
broadened 


Round 


Round 


top 


top 






l)lat 1 


olate 1 


plate 1 


plate 1 


8. O-K 


3. O-R 


3. O-R 


1. Red 


Scarlet- 


b Rose 


b Rose 


b Begonia 


Red 


Doree 


Dorce 


Rose 


Rpiif^h, 
thin ' 


Rounded 
with many 
small dote 


Quite 

smootli 

Few 

large dots 


Smooth 

and 
thin Few 
small df)ts 


All 


All 


Some in 


Some in 


within 


within 


skin 


skin 



Sweet Sweet Sweet Sweet 



julv 8 June 29 Julv IS July 24 



]U2 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



In addition to the varieties described and those Hsted in 
Appendix IV as found in Kwangtung there are also manj' other 
varieties reported which have not as yet been studied. These include 
theCh'ent/,u ( Ch'an tsz p^^) — Ch'en's purple, Li ting chu (Li 
tingchuSirgr^) i.e., pearl of a black horse's head, Mou ni kuang (Mau 
ni kwong 2^|E^), Shih pah niang (Shap pat neung -fAS|) — Eighteen 
maids, Tai hvva hsiang (Tai fa heung ^tt#) — "wearing flowery 
fragrance," and Chiang chun tzu l,Tseungkwan tsz !|f|p!^) — General's 
purple. 

With regard to Lidian varieties, Higgins ^ reports: "A variety 
known as 'Mclean" is said to be one of the best in that country. 
Another under the name ' Muzaffarpur Seedless ' is practically seed- 
less in many of its fruits, 'Bedana' is another small seeded, sweet 
variety. 'Dudhia' is quite unusual in that it is white. Rose 
scented' is a fruit of large size and very agreeable flavor. China' 
is a late-season variety." 



' Higgins, J. E., Tfic Litchi in Ha^vaii, Hawaii Agricultural Experi- 
nu-iit Station, Bulletin No. 44, page, 20. 



PLATE XXXVin 




Figure 55.— Chuang yuan hung— Royal red— Lychee. 
(Two-thirds natural size. 



Plate xxxix 




Figure 56. — The Yau yen Lungan as a Temple Tree. 




Figure 57. — The Rounded Head of a Fruiting I.ungan Tree. 



CHAPTER XfV 



TUF, J.I \\(;.\N 



The lungan has been described as the "monk" of the 
sapindaceous group of fruits. A Singapore Chinese was endeavor- 
ing to make a simple but distinctive comparison of these four fruits. 
He said, "The rambutan is the long haired gentleman of the group; 
he has flowing locks. The pulassan has his hair cut modern style. 
The lychee has had the clippers put on his head. But the lungan, 
with head closely shaven, is the Buddhist priest of the four." This 
description applies only to the general outside apparance of these fruits 
with relation to length of setae or smoothness of skin. It indicates 
that, unlike any of the others, the outside surface nf the lungan is 
smooth. 



The lungan is the most cold-resistant fruit of the group and 
will be found growing farther north than the lychee, and at higher 
altitudes. It requires perhaps a little less care than the lychee and 
individual trees growing in a semi-wild condition are seen more often 
than lychee. It is a taller, higher-headed tree, with branches and 
flower spikes growing more upright than those of the lychee and with 
bark characteristically its own. The fruits are much smaller than 
lychee hut the leaves and the flowers are conspicuously larger. 

The fruit is round, or nearly so, and when ripe is yellow. The 
fruit clusters are usually much more crowded than those of the lychee. 
It fruits about a month later that the medium late varieties of lychee, 
the best varieties appearing in the month of August. It is co*nsumed 
by the Chinese in considerable quantities. They believe that this 
fruit is not so strengthening as the lychee but prize its medicinal value 
very highly. The aril is certainly less fleshy than that of the lychee 
and much more vinous in taste. The seed is invariably large and there 
are no varieties with shriveled seed as in the lychee. The seed is 
usually black or sometimes brown and is said to look like a "dragon- 
eye", whence the fruit gets its name. 

1 •■, 



104 THE LYCHKE AND LUNGAN 



Chinese literature records many names for the lunjfan. As 
early as the sixteenth century Li Shih Cheng i^Bj^g:) in his Pen 
Tsao Kan<j iVIu (t^'^MU) records a long list of synonyms. Another 
writer goes into quite a lengthy discussion as to whether a fruit called 
the I chih (Yik chi int^ is the same as the lungan. He records 
that it was the belief ot many people that the two were the same but 
his conclusion was that the two must have been quite different as the 
I chih (Yik chi ^^) grows on a vine whereas the lungan grows on 
a tree. We have Jiot yet been able to locate the I chih (Yik chi 
^^ ;, though it is doubtless Sapin(liic( ck , as some of the species of 
this family are vines. 

The lungan is very widely cultivated in Kwangtung but from 
all reports to hand Fukien has made greater progress in its develop- 
ment. In the Ling Nan region, P'ing chou (P'ing chau ^M), 
Chih kang (Ch"ik kong^.jSg), Ta t"ang (Tai t'ong ::^^) Pei shan 
( Pak shan 4tlll) and Shih vvei t'ang (Shikwai t'ong JiM^) are 
especially famous for their lungan. The best variety of lungan the 
Shih hsia lung yen (Shek hap lung ngan ^i^M.^) , had its origin at 
V^'ing chou ( Ping chan ^M) and the fruit of this variety produced 
there is said to be better than that produced at any other place. 
Although not so large, the flesh is more crisp, the seed is smaller 
and the fruit after drying, if soaked in water, freshens up almost like 
the fresh fruit. The fruits produced at P'ing chou (^^ffl' are also 
said to be much sweeter than those of other places. 

A Suilabh Doonjord und Avenue Tree 

In the l^ing Nan region the lungan is very frequently planted 
as a dooryard or village tree and a favorite site is near temples (fig. 
56) . Magnificent specimens such as these, which are at least forty feet 
high with a straight trunk five feet to the branches, would make 
wonderful avenue trees. The diameter of the trunk of this tree, 
breast high, is two feet eight inches. The rounded head of the 
IvMigan tree is well illustrated in figure 57. 

CaltHrnl Methods 

Although the Chinese commonly think of the lungan as a 
very desirable tree for shade, its culture as a fruit is not neglected and 
some large lungan orchards will be seen scattered over the country. 
For example at Ta t'ang (Tai t'ong :k^) in Chiao t'ang sz 
( Kau t'ong sz ^J^n]^ the lowland regions are often planted to Uinean. 



TKE LUNCIaN 1U5 



Beds about 15 feet wide with trenches between of about 6 feet are 
often raised up as in lychee culture. Lungan trees are then planted 
along the edge of these beds and pumelo are planted down the center. 
The lungan prefers a rich, sandy loam and its roots should have 
access to plenty of water. At Ta t ang (Tai t'ong :^s;^) an interest- 
ing form of planting is followed, similar to that sometimes used in 
citrus culture. After the beds have been raised up above the incom- 
ing tides, little mounds of canal earth are built up on the beds several 
feet abo\ e the surface and the young trees are then planted on these 
mounds. \'ear after year as the trees grow more canal earth is 
carried on to the beds and the young roots are thereby nourished by 
this fresh, rich soil. The young trees, thus planted, are often held 
in place by bamboo supports and the trunks are wrapped with rice 
straw to prevent sun scald. When the trees are planted upon higher 
ground holes are dug and the soi! enriched. The trees are always 
planted in the spring. 

In order to obtain good results with lungan the Chinese 
recognize the importance of fertilization. The trees are fertilized 
after picking the fruit; once during the winter and once during 
the flowering season. At the latter season the Chinese recognize 
that it is not well to feed too much night soil or urine fer- 
tilizers high in nitrogen but that they should feed more ground bones 
and ash. In low-land culture it is common to take advantage of the 
winter months, when the waters are low, to smear fresh canal mud 
o\er the beds. The results from this rich soil are indeed gratifying. 

Several interesting customs connected with the cultivation of 
this fruit are worthy of note. The Chinese recognize that consider- 
able thinning of the fruit is usually necessary. It is a common 
practice to thin the flowers rather jhan the fruit. The Chinese say, 
"Lungan, one flower, ten fruits; lychee, ten flowers, one fruit. " 
By this they mean to point out the importance of protecting the 
flowers in lychee culture and of destroying some in lungan culture. 
Accordingly a large number of flower-bearing twigs are pruned from 
the trees by the growers. Mr. W. B. Cole ^ of Hing-hua, Fukien, 
an important center for lungan culture, in a letter to the Office of 
Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, said, ' This is the flowering 
season of the longan. It is also the time when the pruning is done. 

^ Cole, W.H., from Offire of F'oifign Sffcl and Plant Introduction, ITnited 
States Department of Agriculture, \V;ishin<rton, Rejiort--, Corresjiondenrc. 
etc. 



1.06 rilK i.VCHKr AND l.l NCAN 



About three-fourths ot the spikes ot the tiowers are cut off. Next 
year's fruit comes from the new growth from these pruned branches. 
Later on the fruit on the bunches is thinned out. The fruit growers 
take infinite pains with this fruit. The trees are also fertilized at this 
season, with night soil as a rule. Most trees are fertili/.ed about three 
times a year. . . . "* 

I he fruit is picked in July and August, and after Li Tsiu 
(Lap Ts'au jjrf^;, about the Chinese 8th month and 8th day) it 
is said to be very inferior. Practically all of it is picked before that 
time though the Shih hsia (Shek hap ^Htfe) will keep a few days 
longer. The fruit is removed from the tree by cutting off the 
clusters with leaves and branches attached. The varieties of the 
lungan in point of earliness appear on the markets in the following 
order: Tsao ho (Tso \vo^^), Wu yuan <U un .^Ej), Hua 
kioh (Fa hok ^-Wi), Shih hsia (Shek hap SUffe), and Shep'i (She p'i 
4CEJ^) • The trees will yield up to four or five hundred pounds of fruit. 
Many of the fruits are dried, preferably in the sun: As the fruiting 
season of the lungan is the period of Kwangtung's most severe 
typhoons and driving rains it is often difficult to get the lungan to the 
markets or to dry them satisfactorily. This is doubtless a serious 
check to successful lungan culture. 

Methods of Proimgatiort 

Most of the lungan trees in cultivation in Kwangtung are 
either seedlings or have been inarched. Where inarching is practiced 
the stock is almost invariably Wu yu^n (U un .%EJ^ which is allowed 
to reach a height of five or six feet, requiring from three to five 
years, before it is inarched. The inarch is made high up on the 
trunk no less than four feet from the ground. This practice is 
doubtless followed as it is the easiest way to succeed with the inarch 
when the young plants are taken to the parent trees. But the point 
of union is at a weak place in the tree and during the high winds 
there is a tendency for the tree to break at this place unless carefully 
protected with bamboo bracing until quite old. Even in old trees it 
is usually possible to determine the point of union between stock and 
scion, as there seems to be some little difference in the rate of growth 
of the two and the bark of the Wu yuan (U un MiM^ is usually 
rougher than that of other varieties. 

Grafting the lungan is seldom .practiced in Kwangtung but 
Wu Ying Kuei {%M.^' refers rn rhe art as pracrired nti fbr lun'^an. 



THE LYCHEE 107 



He calls attention to the fact that akhou^h the lunKan is alwa\s 
grafted on its own stock it is not unusual to find three or four trrafts 
sandwiched between the stock and the top, a practice which is said 
to develop a much better fruit. T.'his sandwiching of grafts consists 
of top-working the lungan to the lungan, but as soon as the scion is 
well established it is cut off and a new graft inserted in the new 
growth of wood. This process is continued three or four times. 
Mr. Cole says: "The chief answer the Chinese fruit grower gives 
for this novel method of grafting is that it makes larger fruit. They 
also have the idea that it makes a stronger tree to withstand the wind. 
Typhoons are very severe along this coast. This graft provides a 

brace for the n^w graft so that it cannot be readily torn out 

'] his region in China has the reputation for the best lungan. The 
fruit growers know nothing about the scientific side of the question. 
Their objective is large,* sweet fruit. How their methods do it they 
do not know. But it is true that they get results. In Foochow, 75 
miles to the north, where they are not so skilled, the fruit is of a 
decidedly inferior c]uality having large pit and small pulp. Here the 
fruit is large with small pit and thick, juicy pulp. 

"They tell me that where two or three trunks are grafted 
into one top that the good fruit bearing wood lends its strength to the 
top making the entire top bear large fruit 

They do not seem to have much success here in using the 
litchi for a stock on which to graft the longan. They say that wheri 
they succeed it makes good iruit "' 

^'(lri(lilS 

There are ten or twelve varieties of the lungan with consider- 
able range in quality and earliness. A list of these will be found 'n 
the Appendix. An analytical stiidy of some of the best varieties is 
gi\en herewith. 



1(18 



A.nalytical Table 



Number of fruits 
Cc. of juice 
Weight of seeds (oz. ) 
Weight of flesh (oz. ) 
Weight of skin (oz. ,) 
Weight of leaves 

and stem (oz. ) 
Weight of rag (oz. ) 
Longitudinal dia. (in. ) 
Latitudinal dia. (in. ) 
Longitudinal cir. (in.) 
Latitudinal cir. (in. ) 











Jai 


_ f" 




J= iJ , 


^ 




■-H -5- ^^ 


!ii 




"* 4j 


^ 




^ -c •*• 


I 










X X '■' 






59 


62 




140 


120 




21/2 


4 


2 


9 


7 








u^ 


2 1/2 


.-! 


o 






I 1 


1 


1 


3 






o 


3 


2 


& 


1 




T— 1 








1 1/16 


1 


"" 


3 


3 




3 1/8 


3 



Seed 



Roundt 



Color of Skin 

Ridsievvav Plate III 



]9YO-Y-b 

ClKiitiois 



Surface of Skin 



8mootli, 
ilots ffeW 
and small 



Juice all held within aril or 

some in skin upon opening 



All 

within 



Flaxor 



Svvi-et, 
and \in()iis 



Date when the variety 

can usually be secured 



August HI 



Ltingan Varieties !()9 







S a ^ 


^ 31. 


^ 


- t g 








^*- 3/ 




tJ[ 


s ^ 


S 












s& 


;- ~ ^ 


5 -^ 


•S 


1 ^ * 


-^ 




-— r~ 


'^' 




— ^. 






^ r -^ 


.~' '5 


^=J 


r= ^ fv 






'-^ :^ 






V2 


82 




.-18 


62 




73 


100 




l()0 


110 




12(t 


5 




J 


4 




3 


6 




8 1/2 


7 




« 


3 




3 


3 




3 


2 




11/2 


2 




7 


J 




2 1/2 


.-) 




3 1/2 


7, 


/8 


13/16 


9/! 


!6 


7/8 


15/10 


1 1 '8 


1 




1 


2 11/16 


3 5/8 


2 1/ 


K 


2 3x'4 



2 1/4 3 5/8 3 1/4 2 7/8 



Roundft 



;'iose and 
man v 



Sweet 



Sli^iitlv Slig-lnlv Slii^-htly 

eKuioateil elun^-Kted vlniicnted 



lionev ^, , ,r Loloninl 

,, ■ LUMHl l)un , ,r 

\ellu\v iiurt 



Koiiph, Rmioh . , 

1- 1 J 1 ■ 1 J \. SnioDtn, Rouen, 

thick, dots thick, dots ,, . , . ' ,,.• .,."^!' 



, ' 1 thick, few thick, few 

(lose and i, , ^ , ,' , 

mall ilots small dots 



All Some in All All 

vithin skin witliin within 



Sweet, 
Sweet and Sweet and refreshing 

juicy refreshinp.- a!id Hesh 

\eiv thick 

Aviffiist 16 Au£{ust S An"ust K' 



IIU ri-lE LYCHBE AND LUNGAN 



Th( Skill, haia lung yen {Shek hap lung ngan J^i^MM": — ^/'<-- 

Stone Gorge Lung an 

Thi^ variety is considered the best of the lunoan. It had its 
origin in P'ing chou (Ping chau ^VJH) oftheNanhai (Nam hoi i^?i) 
district. The original parent tree is said to have grown out between 
two roc'ics, which gives the variety its name. Investigation in the 
region has not resulted in the location of the tree nor the rocks in 
which the tree is said to have grown. This variety is also known 
under several other names. The Shih yeh lung yen (Shap ip lung 
ngan ftcislHi?:) or "Ten leaf lungan" is said to be a type of this and is 
so-called because the leaflets are usually ten in number. In general 
there seems to be two distinct types of the *'Stone Gorge Lungan ", 
the black seeded type and the brown seeded type. The former is 
known under the name of Hei ho shih hsia (Hak hat shek hap ^^ 
S^) — "The Black Seeded Stone Gorge Lungan, and the brown 
seeded type as the Chin ch'i ho shih hsia l,Kam ts'at wat shek hap 

Wu Yuan {U un .%!q] ) — Black Ball 

This is a small lungan, probably nearer to the wild than any 
other variety, very small, quite sour, large seed but widely used for 
stock in the Ling Nan region. The leaves of the tree are large, 
bark rough and it is a vigorous grower (,fig. 58). Although the fruits 
are small (fig. 59) they are edible and usually used for canning. The 
Chinese say that the sour taste of this lungan makes it better fruit for 
canning. The Kao yuan (Ko un .%IBi) is probably a type of this 
variety of somewhat superior quality. It is also widely used in canning. 

Tsno ho {Tso wo ^'^) — Early Eicc 

This is the earliest variety of lungan and while not so good is 
nevertheless highly prized. There is a type of this variety about two 
weeks earlier and called the Ch'i chin tsao ho (Kam ts'at tso wo 

She p'i lung yen (She pH lung ngan l^B;tntBR) — Snake Skin 

Lungan 

This is one of the largest of the lungans and is ver\ late. 
I'he fruit is about the size of a small lychee (hg. 60'. The skin is 
rough and the seed is large and the quality is considered inferior. It 
is produced very largely at Shih wei t'ang (Shek wai t'ong f^^^ '. 

The TTna kioh (Fa hok A^W — Flower Skin 

Most of the trees of this variety are seedlings and the Chinese- 
recognize it as one of the poorest of the lunrran. The llesh is thin 
and rather tnsteless. 



PLATE XL 




Figure <;;8. — Wu yuan — Black ball — Lungan Seedling Fourteen Months Old. 



CHAPTER XX 

THK INTR()J)UCTION OF THK L^X'HEF. AND LUNGAN 
INTO OTHER LANDS 

Roxburgh' states that the lychee commoji in Bengal was 
originally brought from China. India is the only country into which 
a successful commercial introduction has been made and Macmillan ^ 
reports: This fruit, represented by different \arieties, of \arying 

quality, is grown to great perfection about Calcutta and elsewhere in 
India, and is commonly sold in the bazaars when in season. '' The 
lungan and rambutan, introduced into India in 1798, ha\e always 
been carried side by side with the lychee. 

Europe became interested in these fruits in the early part of 
the 19th Century, when effort was made to introduce them into both 
England and Erance. And it was doubtless at this time that these 
plants were transferred to different places in the East Indies where 
their culture is more promising. In the Quarterly Journal of iSciencc, 
1882, we find the statement: "Attempts have been made to 
introduce into Trinidad the litchee (Nephelium Litchee), and though 
the climate is too uniformly hot, the fruits have been delicious, 
resembling a high class muscat grape in consistency and flavor." 

In 1903 O. E. Cook and G.N. Collins' in their Econounc 
Plants of Porto Pico, published by the United States National 
Museum, devoted nearly a page to Litchi chine nsis, calling attention 
to it as one of the fruits most likely to succeed in Porto Rico and 
likely to be of value when once generally introduced. ' They 
pointed to the scarcity of literature on the results of experiments on 
this tree in the West Indies and to its successful introduction into 
India. 

' Roxburgh, WilHam, F/or-tJ InJia; or description nf InJian p/aiits, 1 
vol., Calcutta, 1832, Vol, 2, page 269. 

^ Macmillan., Hugh F. , A handbook of tropical i^ardcnini^ and plantinv:, 
Colombo, H.W. Cave and Co., 1910, page 177. 

' Cook, O.F., and Collins, G.N. , Economic plants of Porto Rico. In 
contribution.s from the United States National Herbarium, Washington, D. C, 
1903, Vol. 8, part 2, pages 176 and 177. 

Ill 



112 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



In October, 1911, a photograph was received by the Office 
of Foreion Seed and Plant Introduction of the United States Depart- 
ment of Atjricuiture from J. Jones, Curator of Botanic Station in 
Dominico, showing; a fruiting branch of the lychee. 

Higgins ' is authority for the statement that the lychee was 
Hrst introduced ifito Hawaii in 1873 by Mr. Ching Check and since 
that time there have been other introductions by the United States 
Department of Agriculture and by Chinese residents. The Hawaii 
Agricultural Experiment Station Annual Report, 1912, portends an 
increasing interest in the lychee in those islands, by the statement, 
" the litchi plants imported from China direct, and those received 
through the Office of Seed and Plant Introduction, are making a 
very satisfactory growth, and may be regarded as past the critical 
stage." Plate, ii figure 2, shows a tree planted March 14, 1908. 

Charles Amory at Sanford, Florida, grew specimens of this 
fruit as early as 1883 and Theodore L. Meade at Oviedo, Florida, 
had a tree in 1888. The first lychee tree introduced into California 
was that planted by E. D. Hadley about 1897. This was secured 
from Reasoner Bros, of Oneco, Florida, who had imported this 
tree from Seharanpur, India; and in 1913 it fruited for the first 
time. In 1914 Mr. Bissett and Mr. Wilson Popenoe of the Office 
of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction reported the tree in fruit in 
October. Mr. Popenoe, who had seen fruits in the Orient, said 
that the fruit of this tree was smaller than that in the Orient, but that 
the fiavor was very pleasant. Prior to 1900 there was a tree growing 
in the greenhouses at Washington. This flowered but never 
fruited. 

One of the earliest introductions by the Office of Foreign 
Seed and Plant Introduction was in 1907, when they received a 
shipment of plants from China via Shanghai. Rev. VV. N. Brews- 
ter, missionary at Hing-hua fu, Fukien, China, was so convinced 
of the future of the fruit in America that he imported living trees at 
his own expense and between July 1, 1907, and January 1, 1908, he 
sent to the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction interesting 
data regarding the culture of the lychee and the lungan. The 
photographs submitted were the first e\'er received by the office 
showing the tree in bearing. Subsequent shipments of both seeds and 

^ Hiffoins, J.E., T/ie Litc/ii hi H/^muiii, Hawiiii ARrio\iltiir;il Experiment 
Stiition, Rullctin No. 4-1, pMpe ^. 



INTRODUCTION OF THE LYCHEE INTO OTHER LANDS 113 



plants were received from Samuel L. Gracey, American Consul, 
Poochow, and from others in China. From Java, Saharanpur and 
Muzofferpur plants and seeds were Feceived. Distributions were 
made to Florida, Cuba, Panama, Guam, Porto Rico, Isle of Pines 
and Trinidad. Trees of the Shanghai shipment of 19U7 sent to 
Reasoner Bros, of Oneco and to W. S. Taylor of Tampa, Florida, 
fruited in 1916, when both reported fruit to the office, those of 
Reasoner Bros, beinji; first received. In 1915 Mr. John Ashon of 
New Orleans, La., brouy;ht with him, upon his return from China, 
forty trees of the very best Kwanirtuny, varieties. These he turned 
over to the United States Department of A<rriculture, but only a few 
were in a living condition. 

In the summer of 1915 and 1916 laryje quantities of seeds 
were received from J. F. Higgins, Honolulu, Hawaii; from the 
Canton Christian College, Canton, China, and from Frank N. 
Meyer, Agricultural Explorer in China. Seedlings from these were 
grown at the government stations at Rockville, Md. , Chico, Cal., 
and Miami, Fla. W. S. Taylor of Tampa, Florida, also received 
some of these and imported seeds on his own initiative. At the 
request of the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, 
carefully chosen plants of the best varieties were introduced through 
the Canton Christian College in May, 1917. These were left at 
Honolulu in the care of Mr. Higgins, as the boat was slow and they 
were not enduring the rigors of the journey. 

Greater success has been attained in the introduction of the 
lungan into Europe and the United States than has been the case 
with the lychee. It has fruited in both Florida and California and is 
listed on the catalogue of the Royal Palm Nurseries, Oneco, 
Florida. 

^oiiu Prohlcins hi (Ik I nlrodiidiun of Thcst Fi'iiils 

Unusual care and attention is required in order to introduce 
successfully these interesting fruits into new countries. The trees of 
both species are very tender and especially susceptible to cold and 
salt air or salt water. In the transportation of selected stock only the 
most carefully selected position on the ship will guarantee sufficient 
heat and moisture to protect the trees from the blasting effects of the 
salt sea air. Chinese methods of propagation do not encourage 
strong root development and the tendency of the average shipper is 
to send newly layered trees, the root systems of which are not firmly 
established. 



114 THE LYCHEE AND LUNCiAN 



We have seen that unusual precautions are necessary to 
{Tuarantee the successful introduction of lychee seeds and that this 
method offers little encouragement for the acquisition of the best 
varieties as seeds of these are not viable. 

There are yreat differences in the varieties of both the lychee 
and the luni^an anc) it is not easy to be sure that one has secured the 
best stock unless he has personally supervised the choice of the 
branches to be layered. Then, too, it .is difficult to know which 
varieties are best suited to the particular conditions under considera- 
tion. 

After the trees are selected with rey;ard to their fruitiny; 
qualifications extreme precautions must be taken to have them clean 
and to have the soil in which they are introduced free from insept 
enemies and disease. It is of vital importance that the insects and 
diseases attacking these fruits in China are not introduced into other 
countries. 

Upon arri\al in the new country the plants must be cared for 
by only those who have made special study of the natural habitat of 
these plants. The most careful protection against frost should be 
given and the highest cultural methods administered, especially in ihe 
case of the lychee. A good loam soil, extraordinary quantities of 
water in the soil and air, and sufficient plant food in available condi- 
tion should be guaranteed to the lychee if success is to be assured. 

The hardier varieties of the lungan give every promise of 
enduring the climate of southern Florida and California. But in the 
planting of any lychee trees it must be remembered that young trees 
are especially susceptible to frost and must be protected. This can 
doubtless be done in much the same way as orange and kmon trees 
are protected. Hsu Po r#,^^^ \ in speaking of cultural methods in 
Fukien, says: "The village people who love their trees burn rice 
straw under chem and then the cold has no ill effects. In fall and 
winter they use wet clay and manure to protect the roots. Dead 
branches are cut off in order not to give trouble to the whole trunk." 
The Chinese recognize that excessive cold is one of the most deadly 

1 HSU P'O U^Mh), Li Cliih P'u (^^^f?f) in Kit CInn Tii S/m C/ii 
Cheng (-jS-^li^ilftR), Po H'u Hui Pie?i (tf^t^^M), T.rao Muh Tien 
(^^fl), section 274 ( ^Zl-R'-t+Pq^), /-/ Chih Pu 2 C^;^^;!), paRe 4 



INTRODUCTION OF THP: LVCMF.F, INTO.pTHKR LANDS 115 



enemies of the plant and they often wrap the trunks and branches of 
youns trees with rice straw. Ts'ai Hsiang (^m) ' reports: The 

lychee tree, when first planted, dreads the cold, and until it is li\ e or 
six years old it should be protected duriniz the depths of winter from 
frost, snow and sleet. 

The fruitiny; trees at the Royal Palm Nurseries at Oneco, 
Florida, are under cover. Mr. E. N. Reasoner, in a letter to the 
writer dated September 6, 1917, said: " When the severe cold wave 
came in February last we protected the small lychees so they had no 
exposure; the fruiting trees in the large shed were under cloth roof 
and had fire protection, but we did not start fires until the temper- 
ature in the shed was down to about 28 or 29, and in consequence 
the mango trees standing next row to the lychees were severely cut 

back The lychees were just starting a flush and the leaves were 

tender, but not killed at all, and no damage resulted to them in any 
way. 



' TS'AI HSIANG [^W^, Li Chih P'u (^^tt) in Ku Chin Tn Shu V.hi 
Cheng {■a'^lffl#||R£), ?u Wu Hui Pun [W^mM). Ts'ao Muh lien 
{%^%\ sfction 273 ( -"jf-fc+H^'l , Li Chih Pu \ (^^^— ), pa^e 4 



CHAPTER XVI 



SUMMARY 



The lychee and the lun^an are two delicious and attractive 
fruits of South China origin. The former is so highly prized by 
the Chinese that it has become the subject of song and verse by 
Chinese poets and and of lengthy treatises by Chinese writers and 
officials. A study of Chinese literature reveals interesting historical 
data with regard to the names of these fruits and their importance in 
the life of the Chinese people. Chinese methods of propagation and 
culture are therein disclosed, a knowledge of which should lead to 
more successful treatment in the introduction of these fruits to other 
lands. 

European travellers to China have continuously reported the 
lychee and the lungan since 1585, seventy-one years after the dis- 
covery of the sea route to China in 1514. Botanists have thoroughly 
studied these important species and they are now attracting the 
attention of western horticulturists. 

The whole group of sapindaceous fruits, including especially 
the sub-tropical lychee and lungan, and also the tropical rambutan 
and pulassan, deserve more adequate consideration as promising 
fruits for culture in the West. The lychee and lungan are the 
subject of this work. Sufficient botanical information regarding the 
relationships of these two species is at hand to warrant a series of 
experiments which should prove of value to the Occident in the 
cultivation of these fruits. 

The lychee grows luxuriantly in the river deltas of the prov- 
inces of Kwangtung and Eukien. The tree is well adapted to dyke 
conditions and in the delta of the Pearl river, where there are 
hundreds of miles of dykes, the lychee industry has grown to such 
an extent as to warrant whole villages devoting themsehes exclusively 
to its propagation. A lychee park has even been established near 
Canton. The lungan thrives under somewhat drier conditions and 
the industry has been developed more extensively in fukien than in 
Kwangtung. The lungan will endure more cold than the lychee, but 
both suffer severely from heavy fiosts. They attain their best 
development where the winters are mild and dry and the summers 
hot and humid. 

116 



SUMMARY ^"V. 117 



Chinese farmers qwc strict attention to the cultural methods 
of both of these fruits. In the case of lychee they practice dyke, 
raised bed and upland culture. Loam soils, or those which readily 
hold soil moisture, are preferable. River muds are ideal for the lychee, 
and it will endure excess quantities of moisture and floods of (.rreat 
duration. The Chinese are intensive feeders of these trees and 
practice mulching and careful frost protection. 

Chinese m.ethods of propatiation of the lychee consist chiefly 
in ' Chinese air-layering " desirable parent trees. They sometimes 
inarch good small-seeded varieties upon the large-seeded and more 
hardy stock^;. Grafting the lychee and lungan is extensively practiced. 
The known wild relatives of the lychee and the lungan opf-T^ 
promising field for the determination of new and better rrjijethods of 
propagation and for the creation of hybrids. 

The lychee is one of the niost impoitaift commercial fruits in 
China. The history of- fefrade and transportation, and of the fruit 
formerly p^id to royalty, is most interesting and instructive. The 
Chi'-.ese have many methods for the preservation of both of these 
f-^its and large quantities of the dried product are exported. It is 
claimed that the lungan has certain medicinal qualities and large 
quantities of a preparation known as lungan pulp are exported from 
Formosa. 

There are numerous insect enemies and diseases of these 
fruits and the introduction of more modern methods of combating 
them should prove of value to the Chinese. Great care must be 
taken not to introduce these enemies into western countries. 

Chinese writers have listed scores of varieties of the lychee, 
but no careful elimination or classification has been attempted. A 
more thorough study of the niounlain and water types of lychee 
should be made and greater effort to extend the dry culture of the 
fruit should be attempted. 

These fruits have been successfully introduced into India and 
considerable work has been done with their introduction into Europe 
and southern United States. It is known that they will produce 
fruit in the West Indies and Hawaii. Special attention has recently 
been given to the lychee in Hawaii. A number of problems are 
connected with their introduction, chief among which are the difficul- 
ties of carefully selecting the best varieties for the new conditions, 
care in transportation and protection from salt water and cold. 



\ 



118 THE LYCHEE AN]) LUNGAN 



No effort should be too great to brinif about a successful 
commercial introduction of the lychee into the sub-tropical regions 
of the West. Search for cold resistant strains should be made in the 
hope of growing this fruit in Florida and California, and the very best 
strains of the more tropical forms should be more widely cultivated 
j in the West Indies and in Hawaii. The fact that the lychee is a 

/ tree which responds very quickly to a peculiar type of water culture, 

as practiced by the Chinese living in the river deltas in South China, 
should lend interest to its possibilities for the low and undeveloped 
swamp regions of the United States. 

The words of Dr. Bonavia ^ with regard to the introduction 
of ' the lychee into India in an article which he contributed to the 
Pioneer a.-<d which has been quoted in the Economic Products of 
India by George Watt are applicable to western introduction. He 
said: Here thei. i. ? friiir. tree which resists the heaviest rains, and 
stands the hottest winds, and also "tli'; frosts of these provinces 
(North- West Provinces). Moreover, it bears annually an abundant 
crop of fine, well flavored and aromatic fruit, which can readily be 
sent to distant markets without injury. Instead of being planted by 
the one or two, it should be planted by the thousand. Of all I knovv" 
of the hardiness and fruitfulness of this remarkable tree, I feel 
confident that if any individual (or company), possessing the 
necessary capital, were to plant an extensive orchard of litchi trees, 
say where canal water would be easily obtained, or where well water 
is within easy reach, he would very profitably make a life-long 
business of it." 

^ Bonavia, Dr., in Watt, George, A dutioiiary nf the economic l^ioducls of 
InJia, 1891, 6 vol., Calcutta, vol. 5, page 347. 



APPENDIX I 

BIBLIOGRAPHY' OF CHINESF", RF.FF.RKNCKS ON 
TIIF i.^ (MIFF AND THF LINGAN 

SiiincJard Monor/raplis on Hit Lyclia 

1 Ch"fi) 'l^'ino {\^J^), \a Chih P"u i^lt^). 

Library Con<T. C.>-^8. 5! \'. 5 

2 Ch'tM-, Tinsi Kuo (|r*,S:^), Li Chih P'u f^^fi). 

Librarv Con<:. C3.-;8. 5! V.97 

■! FLsu P'o (f^itH), Li Chih Fu 'v|g^fg\ in Ku Chin "i u 
Shu Chi Cheno ("S-^-IB^III^Jt ' , Po VVu Hui Pien 
v^54J^Ki^'', Ts'ao Muh Tien (^^k^ >," section 274 

(-W-b+M^), Li Chih Pu 2 i-p„-%%-\ paoes 1-5 

Library Con-j,. .^73. 12 \'.157 

4 [jii Ssu Huan (^|^<ig), Li Chih P'li (>^i5tlt). 

Library Cong. C338. 5 \'.b 

5 Sunu Chia (5|?S), Li Chih P"u (l,^|^», in Ku Chin 

'l\i Shu Chi Chenu K'^^m^^m^) , Po Wu Hui 
Pien (tf#J-^|||), Ts'ao Muh Tien (^?|c|tj-), section 
273 (zi"a-t;+B%), Li Chih Pu 1 (^^^-), pages 

Library Cono. C373.12 V.157 

6 lantr Tao Hsieh {WM.W , Li Chih P'u {-^Hm), in Ku 

Chin Tu Shu Chi Cheng {-^^WMm^) , Po Wu 
Hui Pien (mWH), Ts"ao Muh Tien i^**-), 
section 274 ( r/tf-b+M^), Li Chih Pu 2 (^^iSKz:), 
pages 5-7 (a^^A-H)- 

Library Cong. C373.12 V.IS7 

I 19 



20 THE LICHEE AND LUNGAN 



7 'l"s"ai Hsiang i^mK Li Chih P'u ' M^W , in Kii 

Chin Tu Shu Chi Cheng {-^^mmi^^&), Po Wu 
Hui Pien [mmm^, Ts'ao Muh Tien (j^,%i|), 
section 273 : ^ W-b+B^ >, l.i Chih Pu 1 i^^^',— ). 
paaes 2-5 ^rVSm-W)- 

Library Vowr. C.v.S. 12 VMU5. 

8 rs'ao Fan (W^K L.i Chih P\i (#,^f^ , in Ku Chin 

Vu Shu Chi Chenu {-^^mi^m^h Po W ii Hui 
Pien (tp'a^li). Ts'ao Muh Tien C^.^^^jMi.) , section 
273 (:lfi*^:+H#), i^ Chih \\i 1 ( p;,-Xi^{~ K paaes 

Library Conii. C373. 1 2 \'. 1 57. 

9 Wu Ying K'uei [9<BM) , Lini^ Nan Li Chih I'u 

(tiMM^tfi). in Lintr Nan I Shu (ggjiit^t. hook 
5^ I i^^B-hA-Tls:', six sections ' 4i:-;<l: . 
Library Conu. C338.3" V.hS. 

Miscellaiuuus Cliinxsr Works I\( firri.n</ to LjicJm oiul Limgdii 

111 Chao TaiTs'unu Shu imi^M^K 1«"^. Chanu Shan 
Lai (iSi.U«>, 48. 

Library Cong. C33H.51 V.5 .^- \'.97. 

11 Chih Wu Ming Shih i:u K'ao imU^fim'ikK 1849. 

Wu Ch' i-Hsun i3:%m) , ^7 : 46-95 ; 31 : 1 0. 
Library Cong. C283. 5. 

12 Ch"in Ting Ssu K'u Ch'uan Shu Ts'ung Mu { f-k'&.W 

m^mtii), 1868, 116:36. 
Library Cong. C342.20. 

13 Ching Shih Cheng Lei Ta Kuan Pen Tso (|,?A,1M-A- 

nm^-), 23:22-23. 

Libr.ir\ Cono. CI (13. 141. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CHINESE REFERENCES 121 



14 Ku Chin V'n Shu Chi Chentj [-^^M-^-^f&\ Pf VVu 

llui Pifii (tP^/M^^iw'- Ts'ao Miih Tieii '"'','( ^<:!!H) , 
Chapt. 27.^-277. 

Library Conu, C,UX.75. 

15 Kuanw (^h'lin Kano-P'ii ^ }^^^^) , 1708. IVi \\:rn Chai 

im^'M'^ Chapr. 60-62. 
Library Coim. C28.'5..>. 

16 Lintr Nan 1 Shu ' ^^il,^), 1826, Linti Nan Li Chih I'u 

r.ihrary Con<j;. C.l^S.i7. 

1" Line Wai Lai Ta (s^.-J^-ft^) , 177.v Chou Cli "u Lei 
' iMii-JH', 8:5. 

Ivibrary Cuiui. C,V'!8.4S. 

18 Liino Wfi Pi Shu (iiisfefi^^), 1794, Ma Chun Lana 

[mtp;), 11:1. 

Library Cojiy. C.v^8.47 \'.'). 

19 Pfi \\\-n \uu l\i ' WzJCaH/A-', lS2(i. 4:1. 

Library Conu. C.-i48.48. 

20 IVn Tsao Kan<r Mu •' ?!; «?:|iSi tP , 1 59h Li Shih Chenu 

i 1>a^f?r), .31:4-7. 

Library Coim. CIO.-;. 21. 

21 Sc Lu (aOi'. Chapt. 157. 

Librai\ Ctnie. C.v.v 12 \'.157. 

inidls nUi( r llidii h u'lDKii i( luj 

Lukien 

22 Fuhkien Tuns: Chih < iM4BMS^) . 1 «71 , Wu Tany f^^^ , 

59: 7-10. .n, .■!8, 45. 
Library Conu. P.192.F.^. 

2.-^ ChuanChouFu Ma Han^: Tintr (.^!M1;ff.ir^-5i), 189,'! 
Wanii Chia Tiny: (^^ff), 12: 5-5. . 

r.ibrar\ Conn. B192.F4 (^85. 



122 THK LVCHF.K AM) l.UNGAN 



24 Fu C'hou Fu Chih (*K'>H;f^;ir , 1/54, FIsu Chinn; Hsi 

it^.m:^K 2S:1]-15. 

Lihrary Cong. B192.F4. 

Kwangsi 

25 Kuangsi 'F"ung Chih (^MMii?v"', 1HU(», Chi Chinti 

{'isW, 89:6; 90:18; 91:1, 11; 92:1. 7; 9.^.9. 
Library Con jr. B192.K5. 

26 P'inji Lo Fu Chih (^^/i^^iSl;, 1877. ChiiiL^ Hua ( ^^ >. 

25;.>. 

S/,cchvvan 

27 Ssuch'uan T'ung Chih (Ejiiiiii^v), 1815, Ch'anir Ming 

mm), 74:6, 9, 16, 29, 40; 75:64, 65. 
Library Cong. B192.S7. 

28 Chung Ching Fu Chih (r^gfi^^', 1^+^. ^ i' Chuig 

Library Cong. 1U92. S7.-5C8.^ 

Ivweichow 

29 Kuei Chou Fu Chih < #!)t!;fif-^,) , 1 827, Frh Cheng ( ^nl ) . 

14:5. 

Library Cong. B192.S7,-iK7. 
,-iO ^^lnnan 'F'ung Chih (Mmim^.) , 185 5. (;hao Shen Chen 
• emfB^*, 67:2-^. 

Library Cong. B192.^'5. 

f\)ran(/h(n(j Aini'ils (irra)i(/((l arcordinfj to Pr' f( clurm (iiid 

^\ Kwangtung 'Fung Chih (^iJiMiiE^, edited by 'S'uan Yuan 
i|5jc?c}, 1864. Book 34 (H-Lra*), 59:12. 

M Kvvangchow Fu Chih (^ffl;f3=:£i), edited bv Shui Lin 
[j^m), li^BO. Book 7 (-t:;4^) 16:10-11. 

'.^J Nanhai Hsien Chih ' jtltl^'IfiT.^ J , edited b\ P";in \ ao 
Chirh '\^riHK 18.><'. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CHINESE REFERENCES 123 



34 Nanhai Hsien Chih (ii?i!l!Jti£), edited by Cheng Mene 

Yu (il^3t\ 1872. Book 6 1:^-.^), 8:26. 

35 P'anyu Hsien Chih (H^IJiS), edited by Li Fu T'ai 

(^*:3#), 1872. Book2 (-*), 7:3. 

36 Shunteh Hsien Chih ()III@.!^;tS), edited by T'ing; Nan 

(^i=f^), 1853. Book2 (-*), 3:45. 

37 Tungkwan Hsien Chih (iii^l^STv), edited by Peng Jen 

Chieh {$^Am), 1799. Book 7 (-t?!c), 40:2. 

38 Ts'unghwa Hsien Chih (^-ffciSiS), edited by Kuo Yu 

Hsi (mm^), 1908. Book 2 (-Tt:), 2:82. 

39 Lungmen Hsien Chih (fEP^IJiS^ edited by Yu Wen 

(lilts), 1851. Book 2 (-Tt;), 3:24. 

40 Sinning Hsien Chih (ir^SS/iS), edited by Ho Fu Hai 

inmm), 1892. Book 3 (BTic), 8:13. 

41 Tsengch'eng Hsien Chih (ifiiilJiK), edited by Chao 

Chun im®.), 1810. Book 2 (z:;*;),l:2. 

42 Hsiangshan Hsien Chih (§lUI^^.), edited by Lin Chu 

Huai (*i;il?i), 1828. 
45 Hsiangshan Hsien Chih (^lUilJ/iSv) , edited by Chen Li 
im^), 1880. Book 2 {-^}, 5:24, 25, 22:70. 

44 Sinhwei Hsien Chih (tft'®J>£), edited Lin Hsing 

Chang (*t;S#), 1841. Book 2 (-7^), 2:66. 

45 Shanshui Hsien Chih (H7M^:S), 1818. Book 1 (-*), 

1 : 49. 

46 Ts'ingyuen Hsien Chih (^illS^S), edited by Li Wen 

Hsuan (^^.):g), 1880. Book 1 (-*), 2:22. 

47 Sinngan Hsien Chih (ifSIS^v), edited by Shu Mou 

Kuan (^■T.'S), 1819. Book 2 (n*), 3:3. 

48 Hwa Hsien Chih {mr£^\ edited by Wang Yung 

Ming (ixk«), 1867. Book 3 ( = *), 3:39. 

49 Chaoking Fu Chih imMMlS^) , edited by Wang Yu 

Shih (i^B*), 1877. Book 3 (h*), 3:40, 41 



124 IHK LYUHEK ANJ) LUNUAN 



5(J Kaoyao Hsieii Chih < ,g;g§]^:^«), edited hy Hsia Hsiu 
Shu (i:ii:l".), 1827. J^ook 2 (-;*:), 4:15-16. 

51 S/.ehvvei Hsien Chih lWfS?^>T^.', edited by Chen Chih 

Che ([r*;^Eih'), ^^97. IJook ,3:S, 80. IJook .^ 
iH;*;), 1:81. 

52 N'irenp'inu Hsien Chih ( JH^^EtS) , edited by Yanc 

Hsueh Yen {^MPD , 182b. Book 5 ( K?^), lb: lb. 
5.-! Tehkintr Chow Chih ('ti|S;W,ilf.K edited by ^'anu Wen 
Chun (tf;>C!l^'. Book ,-! (H;*;). .■> : 40, 41. Book 
, 11:7. 

54 Shaochovv Fu Chih i ^l\'Hilf.f-;S.) , edited by Lin Shu 

Hsun liMcitl'il), 1875. Book 7 (-t*!, 11:38. 

55 Kuhkian^ Hsien Chih ( fflJX|if;,iU ) , edited hy Chenjj; Hsi 

Chinu' im^-M\ 1875. Book 6 (A*), 12:20. 
5b Hvveichow Fu Chih (i^'JtUf^f,!!^^ edited by Iai Yinu 
K'uei (SH^), 1688. 

57 Hweichow Fu Chih iMMJk.^^), edited by Liu Kuei 

Nien (gij-^;^), 1881. Book 20 ' :if* ' , 45 :2.-!. 

58 Haifunu Hsien Chih i^WMiSJ, edited by Yu Pu 

Hsiuns (j-hBft), 1751. Book 2 (-*), b:5,'!. 

59 Ch'aochovv Fu Chih (il8ttl;f;f7i^J, edited by Chanir Chieh 

Ch'i (m^im), 17b3. Book 22 ()\--y^), 39:8. 
bO Ch'aoyano; Hsien Chih (?l9l^ll;i?.) , edited by T'an^ 

Wen 'Fsao (^^^), 1820. 
bl Ch'aoyang Hsien Chih ('M\^Bl^^), edited by Chou 

Henu Chuntr (RltlS), 1885. Book 5 (IL^), \]:b. 
b2 Leichow Fu Chih i^'M-r.^^ , edited by Lei Hsueh Hai 

immm), 1811. Book2 (-*), 2:50. 
b3 Suik'i Hsien Chih (i^jii|!fi;fJ, edited by Yu Pin<j: Yuno 

(^m?Skj, 1849. Book 5 {ri.}^), 10:4. 
b4 K'iunsjchow Fu Chih (itWfl^^ii;), edited by Jvin Lunu 

Pin (Mmm), 1891. l',ook 3 IH*^ 5:17. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CHINESE REFERENCES 125 



()S K'iunirshan Hsien Chih (^ili^if;:i?J , edited hy Li Wen 
Hsuan (1^^'M', lHOl-1803. Hook 2 (r.*), .^ : 8. 

6b Ch'enirmai Hsien Chih (i^iS®?^^.), edited by Hsieh 
Chi Shao (iiif/fS), 19U9. Hook 1 (-;*;), 2:40. 

b" 'I'ingntran Hsieh Chih 'ife^U^iE), edited by Wu Ying 
Lien i^mM) , 1H79. Book 2 i Hy^) , 1:7. 

68 U'eiich'any: Hsien Chih ''ivC^!l%;i?v) , edited by Chang; 

H"fi (mm), 1719. Hook 1 (-;*;), 2:.-!. 

69 Linkao Hsien Chih iKSrSlfe^.), edited by Nieh Ch'i 

Ch'inir (^m'^K 1^93. Hook 2 (zi?^K 4:15. 

70 Kiehyanir Hsien Chih {m^m:^^\ edited by Liu Yeh 

ch'iu immm), i78o. 

71 Kiehyantr Hsien Chih (tSl^fei^.), edited by Li Hsinc 

Hui {^M.m>, 1891. Hook 6 {,\?^), 7:5 

72 Jaop'insi Hsien Chih 'M^BlSJ , edited by Liu Pien 

(§m), 1687. Hook 5 (St*;), 11:1.'!. 

73 Ch'enghai Hsien Chih (itiife^J, edited by Li Shu 

Chi i^mHK 1814. Book 7 (-bTis;), 23:7. 

74 Lienchow Fu Chih ( ^;)tI;^jS; ) , edited by Chano; Yu 

Ch'un (mill#). 1H34. Book 3 (h*), 6:2. 

75 Meuminy: Hsien Chih (1^^W^^), edited by Cheng Yeh 

Ch'ung (Mumm), 1888. Book 1 (-^), 1:77. 

76 Tienpeh Hsien Chih ('gj^lSi^J, edited by Chang 

Hung (m^), 1827. 

77 Tienpeh Hsien Chih (l:&|,^ii?J, edited by Sun Chu 

(mm), 1893. Book 2 (-Tic), 4:1. 

78 Shihch'eng Hsien Chih (rtii^U'&), edited by Chang 

Ta K'ai (3IA-gJl). 

79 Shihch'eng Hsieh Chih {^UliW^^) , edited by Chiang 

T'ing Kuei (^^^m), 1893. Book 2 (z:*), 2:41. 



126 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



80 Loting: Chow Chih (lil.^i'Hslf.), I'.U. Boolcl (-Tjs;), 
1:39. 

SI Sinine: Hsien Chih (|!3^|j^S>), edited by Chu Yu T'sunsi 
(mmm) 1831. Book 2 (-*), 3:19. 

82 Wan Chow Chih {m\^^), 1829. Book 1 i-?^) , 

3 : 25. 

83 Kinchow Chih i^k'^Al^;), edited by Chu Ch'un Nien 

(*t#¥), 1835. Book 2 (-*), 1 : 55. 

84 Chantrhwa Hsien Chih (^^!|j^;S;\ 1897. Book 1 

(-*), 1:18. 

85 Yam^kian^ Hsien Chih (r^-il|j?^.\ edited by Li Yun 

(1i;S), 1813. Book 1 (-;*;\ 1:7. 



APPKNDIX 11 

RIP.UOGRAPHY OF WESTERN KEFKRP^NCES 

ON THF LVCTIKK. 

100 Anderson, Thomas, Asiatic Society of Bentral, Journal, 

I86i. vol. .^2:199. 

Library of Conuress AS4/ 2. HS. 

101 Aiton, William, 17.-!1-179-^, Hortus kevvensis: A 

catalogue of plants cultivated in the Royal botanic 
oarden, Kew. 3 vol., London, Printed for G. 
Nicol, 17X9. \-d1. 2:.-!b. 

102 Atkinson, Edwin T., Notes on the Economic Products 

of the North-Western Provinces, 1881. PartW, 
page 57. 
lO.-! Baillon, Henri Ernest, 1827-1895. The natural 
historv of plants. 8 vol., London, L. Reeve k 
Co., 1871-1888. vol., 5:.^50, 377, 394, .^95, .^9b. 

Library of Con^iress QK97. B15. 
10+ Haillon, Henri Ernest, 1827-1895, Dictionnaire de 
boranique. 4 vol., Paris, Hachette et cie, 1 876-92, 
page 425. 

Library of Contrress QK7.H15. 

10 5 Beddome, R.H., 1830-1911, Contributions to the 

botany of Southern India in the Madras Journal of 
Literature and Science, July, 1864, pages 39, 40. 

106 Beddome, R. H., 1830-1911, I'ransactions of the 

Linnean Society of London. 30 Vol., London, 
1791-1875. vol. 25:212. 

Library of Congress QH1.L6. 

127 



128 THE LYCHKF. AND LUNCJAN 



107 Bt.>dclome, R. H., 18.-50-1911, Icones plantaruni indiar 
orientalis or plates and descriptions of new and rare 
plants from southern India and Ceylon. Madras, 
(iant/, Bros., 1874, paij;e 21; PI. (.ill, CCLXXXV, 
payje b7. 

1U8 B.-ntham, Geors^e, 1800-1884, Flora hongkontrensis: 
a description of the Howerintj plants and ferns of the 
inland of Hon^ikontr. l,i)ndon, I/. Reeve, 1861, 
paoe 47. 

Library, U.S. Dept. of A^:■icu!ture 4bOB44. 

109 Beatham, George, 1800-1884, Genera plantarum ad 

exetnplaria imprimis in herbanis kewensibus servata 
detinita. ,^ vol., Londini, Ree\ei5c Co., 1862-8.^. 
Vol. 1:405, 406. 

Library of Compress QK.97.B47. 

110 Bcntham, Geori^e, J 800-1 84, Flora aiistraiiensis : a 

description or the plants of the Australian territory. 
7 vol., Lond(.n, L. Reeve c^' Co., 1863-1878. 
Vol. 1:464, 465. 

Library, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture 460B44 F. 

ill Birdvvood, Geortie Christopher Molesworth, l\LD., 
Catalogue of the \'egetable Products of rlie Pres- 
idency of Bombay. Bombay, 1865. Second 
I'^dition, No. 48. 

112 Blanco, Manuel, 1778-1845, Flora de Filipinas segun 
el sistema sexual de Linneo. Manila, C. Lope/,, 
1837. Vol. 2:199, 200, 201, 288. 
Library of Congress QK368.B6. 

H3 Blasdale, Waiter C, A description of so.i-e Chinese 
vetretable food materials. Bulletin No. 68, U.S. 
Dept. of .\-ri<-ullurf, 1899, panes 42. 43, 4S. 



% 



r.IBLlOGRAPHY OF WESTERN REFERENCES 129 



114 Blume, Karl Ladvvi^r, 1796-1862, Bijdragen tot de 

flora van Nederlandsch Indie. 2 vol., Batavia, Ter 
Lands drukkerii, 1825-26, page 23.^. 

Library, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture 46UB62B. 

115 Illume, Karl Ludwig, 1796-1862, Rumphia; sive, 

Commentationes botanicae imprimis de plantis 
Indiae Orieiitalis. 4 \ol., Luyduni Batavorum, 
prostat Amstejodami, apud C. G. Sulpke, 1835-48. 
vol. 3:106-111. 

Library of Contrress QK34L B65. 

116 Hois, D., Qiiclques arbres fruiticrs hido-Chinois, 

January, 1907, pa^e 5. 

117 Boym, Michael, in Thevenot, Melchisedech, 1620- 

1692, Relations de divers \oayges. 2 vol., Paris, 
A. Pralard, 1683, page 20. 

Library of Conirress G159.T39. 

118 Bretschneider, Emil Vasilievich 1833-1901, Karly 

European Researches into the Flora of China, 1880, 
Shan<rhai, 1881. 

119 Bretschneider, Emil Vasilievich, 1833-1901, History 

of Early European Botanical Discoveries. 2 vol., 
London, S. Tvow, Marston & Co., 1898. 

120 Camello, Georgio josepho, Herbarum aliarumque 

stirpium in insulo Luzone philippinarum (Appendix 
to John Pays Historia plantarum), 1704, pages 53 
and 54. 

121 Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de, 1778-1841, Prodromus 

systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis. 17 vol., 
Parisiis, Treuttel et Wiirtz, 1824-73, page 611. 
Librarv of Conirress QK97.C2. 



130 THE LYCHhVF, AND LUNt^AN 



122 Candolle, Alphonse I>ouis Pierre Pyramus de, 1806- 

1893, Oritrin of Cultivated Plants. New York, D. 
Appleton ik Co., 1902, pages 314, 315, 316. 
Library of Comrress SB107.C25. 

123 Cyclopedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia. 

vol. 2, pas^e 1086. 

124 Cook, O.F., & Collins, G. H., Economic Plants of 

Porto Rico In Contributions from the United 
States National Herbarium, Washinuton, D. C, 
1903. vol., 8, Pt. 2: 176, 177. 

125 Corsa, W. P. , Nut culture in the United States, embrac- 

ing native and introduced species, 1896, page 105. 
Library, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. 

126 Dalzell, Nicol Alexander, 1817-1878, The Bombay 

Rora, 1861, Bombay, Education Society's press. 
Suppl. 13:13, 35. 

Library, U.S. Dept. Agriculture 460D1 7. 

127 Dapper, Olfert, d. 1690, Gedenkvvaerdig bcdryf der 

Nederlandsche Oost-Indische maetschappye, op de 
kuste en in het keizerrijk van Taising of Sina. 1 
vol., Amsterdam, J. van Aleurs, 1670, pages 208, 
209. 

Library of Congress DS708.D22. 

128 Desfontes, Rene, 1750-1833, Tableau de TEcole de 

Botanique, 1815. Paris, J. A. Brosson, 1815, page 
159. 

Library of Congress 2K73. P2D3. 

129 Desfontes, Rene, 1759-1833. Catalogus plantarum 

Horti regii parisiensis. Parisus, J. S. Chaudc, 1829, 
page 230. 

Library of Congress QK73. P2D4 



BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WESTERN REFERENCES LSI 



13U Dictionnaire ties sciences iiaturelles, 182.'>. 60 vol., 
Strasboury:, F. Cj. Levrault; Pans, I>e Normant. 
1816-30, pages 57, 58, 59, 60. 
lyibrary of Conoress QH13. U5. 

IS I Dictionarv of Popular Nanifs f>f Plants, 1882. padres 
248, 24') 

\M Don, (ieor'^e, 179cS-1856, A y;eneral history of the 
dichlamydous plants. 4 vol., J>ondon, J. G. «k V. 
Rivinuton, 18.-{l-.^8, pages b54, 655, 670, 671. 
Library of Cont^ress QK97. D5. 

1.^/? I)u Halde, Jean Haptiste, J 674-1 743, The general 
history of China. 4 vol., London, j. Watts, 1736, 
pages 19, 20, 170, 171, 172, 230 
Library of Congress DS708.86. 

134 Dunn, Stephen Troyte, 1868, Flora of Kwangtung and 

Hongkong. London, Darling & Son, Ltd., 1912, 
!)ages 66, 67. 

Library, L . S. Dept. Agriculture 89K51A. 

135 Kdward's Botanical Register, 1835. ^^ \'oI., 1815- 

1847. vol. 7; 1729. 

136 I'^ndlicher, Stcphano, Genera Plantarum secundum 

OrdinesNaturales, 1836-1840. 2 vol., Vindobonae, 
F. Beck, 1836-40, page 1071 - Nephelium. 

137 Forbes, Francis Blackwell, 1839-1908, An enumeration 

of all the plants known from China proper, 
Formosa, Hainan, Corea, the Luchu archipelago, 
and the island of Hongkong. in Journ. Linncan 
Society, \ol. 23, 2<), 36, page 139. ■ 

138 Fortune, Robert, 1813-1880, Three years wanderings 

in the northern pro\inces of China. London. 1847, 
John Murray pages 135, 384. 

139 Gamble, J. S., A Manual of Indian Timbers. 1781 

Calcurt:), 1SS1. pauc 97. 



132 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



140 Gartner, Jospeh, 1732-1791, De fructibus et seminibvs 

plantarvm. 2 vol., Stvtgardiae, Academiae Caro- 
linae, 1788-91. .^ vol., Lipsiae, C. F. K. Richteri, 
1801-07, pages 197, 198. 

Library of Congress UK699.Cil 13, QKb99.G12. 

141 Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, 1886. WA. 

XXV, pages 52 and 150. 

142 Georgeson, C. C, The Economic plants of Japan. In 

the American Garden. 1891. Vol. 12:962, 270. 

143 Graham, John, 1805-1839, A catalogue of the plants 

, growing in Bombay and its vicinity. Bombay, 
Govt. Press. , 1839, page 29. 

Library, U.S. Dept. Agriculture 460G76. 

144 Grosier, Jean Baptiste Gabriel Alexandre, 1743-1823, 

A general description of China. 2 vol., London, 
G. Y. and J. Robinson, 1 795, pages 425, 426, 427. 
Library of Congress DS708.G87. 

145 Gonzalez de Mondoza, Juan, The historic of the great 

and mightie kingdome of China, and the situation 
thereof. London, E. White, 1588, pages 14, 60, 
61. 

Library of Congress DS708.G644. 

146 Hawaii, Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual 

Report, 1912, page 25. 

147 Henry, Augustine, A list of plants from Formosa in 

Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan. 
December, 1896. Vol. 24, supplement, page 29. 

148 Higgins, J. E. , The Litchi in Hawaii, 1917, Bulletin 

No. 44, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station. 

149 Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton, 1817-1911, Flora of 

British India. 7 vol., London, L. Reeve & Co., 

1872-97, 1:686, 687, 688, 689, 690. 460.12H76F. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WESTERN REFERENCES .133 



150 Hosie, Sir Alexander, Report by Consul-general Hosie 

on the province of Ssuch-uan. 1904. London, 
Harrison & Sons, 1904. 

Library U.S. Dept. Agriculture 127H93Re. 

151 India Botanical Survey, Records of the Botanical Survey 

of India, Calcutta, 1893-1 91 6. Vol. 1 : 236, Vol. 
2: 55, 92, 1893-1902, 1903. 

152 Ito &: Matsumura, Tentamen Klorae Lutchucnsis, in 

the Journal of the College of Science, Imperial 
University of Tokyo, \\)1. 12, 1900, pa^es 118, 
385, 386. 

153 Ito, Tokutaro, Kinkwao Tetsuen Kwaishi (Memorial 

volume for the 80th anniversary of Baron Keisuke 
Ito). Vol. 1, M. 15, iv., Apr., 1882, Kol. 1-3 a 
col. pis. ) on Lichi by K. Ito. 

154 Jonstonus, Johannes, 1603-1675, Dendrographias: 

sive, Historiae naturalis de arboribiis, 1662, i aues 
475. 

155 Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de, 1748-1836, Genera 

plantarum, Paris. 1789, pa-es 246, 247, 248. 
Library of Congress QK93.J9. 

156 Kew Royal Gardens, Bulletin of miscellaneous in- 

formation, London, 1887, pages 219, 220. 

157 Koorders, Frau Anna (Schumacher ', Systematisches 

Verzeichniss der zum Herbar Koorders gehorenden, 
in Nederlaiidsch-Ostindien, hesonders in den 
Jahren 1888-1903 gesammelten Phaneregamen. 
2 vol., Batavia, 1910-1914. Vol. 1:8, Vol. 2: v, 
pages 5, 34, 75. 

158 Kurz, Sulpiz, 1834-1878, Forest flora of British Burma, 

1877. 2 vol., Calcutta, Office of Supt. of Ciovt. 
printing, 1877. Vol. 1 ; 292, 293, 294. 
Library U. S. Dept. Agriculture 460K96F. 



\^4 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAJN 



159 Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de, 

1744-1829, Encyclopedic methodique. Botanique. 
8 vol., Paris, Panckoucke, 178S-1808. 2:440 179S 
Supplement .>:478 1813, Tome Troisieme: 57.'? 
1789. 

Library of C'oiiirress QK7.L2. 

160 l/Ecluse, Charles, i.e. Jules Charles de, 1526-1609, 

Lxoticorvm libri decern, 1605, pa<res 36, 37. 
Ivibrary of Congress QH4i. 1/39, 

161 Linne, Carl von, 1707-1778, Systema naturae per 

retina tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, 
genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis,. 
synonymis, locis . . . 1767. 3 vol., Lipsiae, G. K. 
Beer, 1788-93. 2:18, 1277. 
Library of Congress QH43.S53. 

162 Linne, Garl von, 1707-1778, Genera plantarum 

eorumque characteresnaturales secundum numerum, 
figuram, situm et proportionem omnium fructifica- 
tionis partium, 1789. 2 vol., Francofurtiad moenum, 
sumtu Varrentraspii et Hennere, 1789-91. 1:262 
No. 671. 

Library, U. S. Dept. Agricuhure 452L64 5(j. 

163 Linne, Carl von, 1707-1778, Systema naturae per 

regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, 
genera, species, cum characteribus, diflferentiis, 
synonymis, locis 1796. 3 vol , Lugduni, J. B. 
Delamolliere, 1789-96. 2:611. 

Library, U. S. Dept. Agriculture 41 1 L64S. 

164 Linne, Carl von, 1707-1778, Species plantarum 1799. 

Berolini, G. C. Nauk, 1797-18, 2:346 No. 755. 
Library of Congress QK91.L5. 

165 Linne, Carl von, 1707-1778, Systema Vegetabihim, 

1825-28 S vol., Volume 11, page 222. 



}'.lBLIOGRAPHY OF WESTERN REFERENCES 135 



166 l.oureiro, Juan de, 1715-1796, Flora cochinchinensis 

1793. 2 vol., Berolini, Haude et Spencer, 1793. 
Pages 286, 287, 288. 

Library, V. S. Dept. Ayriculture 46<iL93. 

167 Macmiilan, Hugh F. , Gardeners' Chronicie. Decem- 

ber, 190«, paees 414, 419. 

168 iMacmilian, Hugh F., A handbook of tropical garden- 

ing and planting, Colombo, H. W Cave &: Co. 

1910. pages 167, 177, 178. 

Library, L'. S. Dept. Amictihure 34.M22. 

169 Martinio, Maitino, 1614-1 b62, Atlas Siniciis sive 

Magni Sinarum imperii (jcographica descriptio, 
N'icniia. 1 65 5. page 1 2^. 

17U Matsumura ik Hayata, Enumeratio plantarum formos- 
anarum, in the Journal of the College of Science, 
Imperial Uni\ersity of 'T\)\ o, 1906. \'oi. 22:95. 

171 Matsumura, Jinzo, 1856, index plantarum japonicaruni, 

Tokioni, apud Maruzcn, 1912, 2: 334, 335. 
Library of Congress QK369. .\I3. 

172 Merrill, Elmer U., A dictionary of the plant names of 

the Philippine Islands. Manila. Bureau of public 
printing, 1903. 47<t. 

Library of Congress Q75.P5. 

173 Merrill, Elmer U., 1876- , Fhe Flora ofthe Lamao 

Forest Reserve, in the Philippine Journal of Science, 
Vol. 1, suppl. 1, April 15, 1906, pages 86, 87. 
Ivibrary of Congress Q75.P5L 

174 Merrill, Elmer D., A fiora of Manila. Manila, Bureau, 

of Printing, 1912, page 305. 

r.ibrar\- of Cnivrress C)K36S. MS. 



U6 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



175 Miquel, Friedrich Anton Wilhelm, 1811-1871, Flora 

van Nederlandsch Indie, 3 vol., Amsterdam, C. G. 
van der Post. 1855-59 pages 554, 555, 556. 557. 
Library of Congress QK367.A'16. 

176 Monteiro de Carvalhe, Jose, Diccionaria portuguez 

das plantas, arbustos ... 1 vol., Lisboa, na ofiic. 
de J. F. M. de Campos, 1817, page 316. 

177 Nooten, Mme. Berthe Hoola van. Flours, fruits et 

feuillages choisis de la flore et de la pomone de Tile 
de Java. Bruxelles, E. Tarlier, 1863. 

178 Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, Cor- 

respondence, Reports, etc. 

179 Osbeck, Pehr, Dagbok ofwer en Ostindisk Rcsa . . . 

Stockholm, Lor. Ludv. Grefing, 1757. 

180 Osbeck, Pehr, 1723-1805, . . . Reise nach Ostindien 

und China . . . Rostock, J. C. Koppe, 1765, pages 
251. 265. 

Library of Congress DS708.07S. 

181 Osbeck, Pehr, 1723-1805, A voyage to China and the 

East Indies, by Peter Osbeck. 2 vol., London, 
B. White, 1771, pages 308, 326, 327. 
Library of Congress DS708.081. 

182 Paris. Museum d'histoire naturelle. 20 vol., Paris, 

1815-32. 18:30, 1829. 

Library of Congress QH3P181. 

183 Pallas, Peter Simon, 1741-1811, Reise durch verschie- 

dene Provinizen des Russichen Reichs in einem 
ausfuhrlichen Auszuge. 2 vol;, Frankfurt und 
Leipzig, G. Fleischer, 1776-77, page 129. 
Library of Congress DK23.P16. 

184 Payer, J. B., Families Naturelles des Plantes, 1872 

Paris. O. \'Iasson. IR""?. pacre 31^. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY DF WESTERN REFERENCES li7 



185 Pharmaceutical Review, J 897, pages 89, 90. 

186 Philippine Agricultural Review, Manila, 19- , V^ol. 

9, No. 3, 1916, page 200. 
Library of Congress S17. P4. 

187 Pierre, Louis, i. e. Jean Baptiste Louis, 1833-1905, 

Flore forestiere de la Cochinchine . . . 5 vol... Paris, 
O. Doin, 1879-1907. 

Library, U. S. Dept. Atriiculture 460P61 . 

188 Plant Immigrants, Office Foreign Seed and Plant 

Introduction, U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Washington, 
July-August 1915, Nos. Ill, 112. pages 907, 908 
with illustrations, pages 916,, 917, 918, 919. 

189 Plukenet, Leonard, 1642-1706, An^altheum botani- 

cum, London, 1769, page 25. 
Library of Congress QK41, P7. 

190 Popenoe, F. W., in the Standard Cyclopedia of horticuI= 

ture, edited by L. H. Bailey, in six volumes, New 
York, The Macmillan Company, 1917, Vol. 4, 
pages 1891, 1892, 1893 and 2131. 

191 Quarterly journal of science, literature and art. 29 

vol., London, J. Murray. 1816-30 Vol. 4. page 
293. 

Library of Congres>.s Q 1. Q 11 . 

192 Radlkofer, L., 1829, Ueber die Sapindaceen HoL 

iandisch-indiens, 1877, pages 25, 26, 27, 72. 

193 Radlkofer, L. , Uebrr Sapindus und damit in Zusam- 

menhang stehende Pflanzen . . . 1878. Vol. 8: 
pages 16, 299, 303. 

194 Radlkofer, Ludwig, 1829, Conspectus tribum gcncrum- 

que sapindacearum, 1890, pages 16 and 17. 

195 Radlkofer, L., Sapindaceae in Engler and Prantl. 

Leipzig, 1887, pages 300, 301, 328, 334. 
T ibrarv of Conqress QK*^? . F(^. 



138 THE LYOHEE AND LONGAN 



19b Radllcofer, L. , Records of the Botanic Survey of India. 
Calcutta, 1907, pages 347, 348. 

Library, U. S. Dcpt. Agriculture 460In2B. 

197 Radllcofer, L., Die naturlichen Fflanzenfamilien . . . 

Leipzig, U. Englemann, 1887, pages 204, 205. 
Library of Congress QK97. K6. 

198 Radllcofer, [/. , Sapindaceae philippinenscs novae 11 

. . . May, 1913, pages 1606, 1607. 

199 Radllcofer, L., The Philippine Journal of Science, 

1913. Vol. 8:444, 445, 446, 447, 457. 458, 459. 

200 Ray, John, 1627-1705, Historia plantarum. 3 vol., 

jyondoni, H. Kaithome, 1686-1704, Appendix 1 : 52, 
53. 

Library, U. S. Dept. Agriculture 452R21 H. 

201 Read, B. E., The Edible Litclu Nut (Lilchi Chimnsis) 

in Journal American Chemical Society, \. 40, no. 5, 
page 818 aiay 1918). 

202 Reinking, Otto A., Diseases of Economic Plants in 

Southern China. The Philippine Agriculturist, 
Vol. VIII, No. 4 (Nov. 1919), page 123. 

203 Roxburgh, William, 1759-1815, Elora Indica; or 

Descriptions of Indian Plants. 2 vol., Calcutta, 
1832 2:279, 270, 271. 

204 Roxburgh, William, 1759-1815, Hortus Bengalensis 

or a catalogue of the plants growing in the honour- 
able East India Company's Botanic Gardens at 
Calcutta. 1814, pages 28, 29. 

205 Royal horticultural society, London, Transactions . . . 

1812-1848. 10 vol., London, 1812-48, Vol. 
pages 402, 405. 

I ,ihrar\' fif Connrc^s. 



BIHLIOGKAI'IIY OF WEHTKRN KKKKl^KXClvS ] .^9 



206 Sauiulers, William, Catalomic of Economio Plants in 

the Collection of the U. S. Department of Asiiicul- 
tiire. No. .•508. 

207 Semmcdo, Alvaro, 1585-1658, The history of that 

{rreat and renowned monarchy of China. London, 
E. Tyl'-r, 1655, Chapt. 1, Part, 1, paue.s 5 and 6. 
lyibrary of Conuress 1)S708.S46. 

208 Semmedo, AKaro, 1585-lh58, Relatione della trrande 

monarcbia della Dina, Romae, Hermann Schens, 
164.^, patre 10. 

Library of Con^n-e.ss DS708.S49. 

209 Shitsiimo Hon/,o, Journal CoIlet,fe Science, 1900. 

Suppl. t. 1. 

210 Sonnerat, Pierre, 1749-1814, X'ojaue aux Indes 

Orientates et a la Chine, 2 \'ol., Paris, L'auteur, 
1782, Part II; pa^es 2.^0, 2.'! 1 . 
Library of Conirress l)S506.S7. 

211 Spach, Kdiioard, Histoire natiuelle des xe^etaiix, Paris, 

1.834-48, pases 61, 62, 6.^, 64. 

212 Staunton, Sir Georire Leonard, bait, 17.'57-1801, An 

authentic account of an embassy from the Kinn of 
Great Britain to the I'^mperor of China, 1797. 
2 vol., London, Cj. Nicol, 1797, paue 463. 
Library of Cont>ress l)S708.S78. 

2L'{ Steudel, Krnst (jottlieb, 1783-1856, Nomenclator 
botanicus, enumerans ordine, 1821, Stuttyardtiae 
et Tubingae, J. G. Cottae, 1821, pajres 328, 460. 
Library, U. S. Dept. Asriculture 452SHN. 

214 Steudel, Ernst Gottlieb, 1783-1856, Nomenclator 
botanicus; seu, Synonymia. 2 vol., Stuttgartiae 
et Tubinirae, J. G. Cottae, 1840-41, pajjes 191, 
192. 

lyibrary, U. S. Dept. A<^nculture 452S(4N. 



14U THE LYCHKK AND LUNG AN 



215 Taylor, VV. S., Florida Grower, July 17, 1915; Florida 

Times Union, Feb. 8, 1916; Feb. 22, 1916; Mar. 
2, 1916; Mar. 16, 1916; Mar. 23, 1916; April 18, 
1916. 

216 Theropeutique, Bulletin General, 1881, pages 325 and 

326. 

217 Thwaites, George Henry Kendrick, Enumeratio 

plantarum Zeylaniae: an enumeration of Ceylon 
plants, 1864, London, Dulau & Co., 1864. 
Library, U. S. Uept. Agriculture 460T424. 

218 Treasury of Botany, 1899, page 784. 

219 Trigault, Nicolas, 1577-1628, De Christiano expedi- 

tio ne apud sinas suscepta ab societate Jesu, Libri 
V, 1615, Augsburg, 1615, Libri 1, page 10. 

220 Trinidad, Botanical Department, Bulletin of Miscel- 

laneous Information, 1888-1908, Trinidad, January, 
1907, page 177. 

221 Turczaninow, Nicolaus, d. 1864, Animadvers herb. 

Turez, in Bulletin de la Societe imperiale des 
naturalistes de Moscou, 1858. V'ol 31: 402, 403. 

222 U. S. Dept. of Agr. , Division of Pomology, Bulletin 

No. 1, Report on the Condition of Tropical and 
Sub-Tropical Fruits in the United States in 1887. 

223 Vahl, Martin, 1749-1804, Symbolae botanicae, sive 

plantarum, 1790. 3 vol., Hauniae, 1790-94, 2:55. 
Library, U. S. Dept. Agriculture 452\'18. 

224 Vidal y Soler, Sebastian, Phanerogamac Cumingianae 

Philippinarum, Manila, 1885, pages 104 and 105. 
Library, U. S. Dept. Agriculture 4()0B66P. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WESTERN KEFKUENCEK 141 



225 Vidal y Soler, Sebastian, d. 1889, Revision de plantas 

vasciilares Filipinas, Manila, de M. Perez. 1886, 
pa<res 97, 98, 344. 

IJhrary of Cono;ress QK368.B64. 

226 \^)i^r, J. O., Catalogue of the Plants in the Serampoie 

Garden, generally known as Dr. Carey's Garden, 
1845, page 95. 

227 Walker, Robert Sparks, in the (juide to Nature, Vol. 

XI 1, No. 3, page 34. 

228 Walpers, WiJhelm Gerhard, 1816-1853, Repertorium 

botanices systematicae, 6 vol., Lipsiae, Friderici 
Hofnieister, 1842-48, pages 364, 365. 
Library of Congress QK97.^^21. 

229 Walpers, Guilielmo Gerardo, Annales Botanices 

Systematicae. 7 vol., Lipsiae, F. Hofmeistcr 1848- 
68, Tomus II, page 220. 

230 Watt, George, 1851, A dictionary of economic 

products of India, 1891. 6 vol., Calcutta, 1889- 
93. Vol. 5: 346, 347. 

231 Wight, Robert, 1796-1872, Icones plantarum Indiae 

Orientalis, 1840, •6 vol., Madras, J. B. Pharaoh, 
1840-53. PI. 1; t. 43. 

Library of Congress UK358.W64. 

232 Zanoni, Giacomo, 1615-1682, Rariorum stirpium 

histpria ex parte oiim edita, Bononiae, Laelii a 
Vulpe, 1742, page 147. 

Library, V. S. Dept. Agriculture 452. 27A\. 



APPENDIX III 
Canton "WeatKer Table*. 

A TYPICAL YEAR 





Average 1 


Max ; 


Min. 


Air 


Humidity 


1 Velocity ! Direction 




Temp. F. \ Temp. ; 


Temp. 


Pressure | 




i of Wind of U ind 


j January 


56.1 


64.8 


47.1 


30.14 


7.-^ 


2.487 N. N. E. i 


j February 


59.7 


67.5 


55.6 


.'10.06 


77 


1.586 N.E. ! 


' March 


64.4 


71.5 


52.2 


29.95 


86 


2.(i01 F. S. PI i 


April 


70.4 


76.2 


54.9 


29.87 


83 


1.703 E. S. E. 


May 


78.9 


86.8 


72.1 


29.77 


85 


1.756 K E. 


June 


81.7 


89.1 


76.1 


29.62 


88 


2.133 S. 8. E. 


July 


84.1 


92.5 


76.7 


29.69 


81 


2.087 S. S. E. 


August 


82.8 


92.0 


75.2 


29.65 


82 


2.135 E. S. E. 


Sei)tember 


78 2 


88.0 


71.0 


2 -•.75 


72 


2.490 N. N. E. 


October 


75.4 


86.5 


67.5 


'^9.98 


6y 


2.403 N. E. ' 


November 


66.5 


77.1 


59.5 


.30.04 


58 


2.648 N. N. E. ' 


December 


57 7 


66.8 


50.7 


30.12 


76 


3.073 N. 






Stormy | Dark 


j Rainy 


1 Evaporation Rainfall 






Days 


j Days 


1 Days 


' 


i 
1 


January 




20 


7 


4 


69. 


mm. .37.7 mm. 


{"■ebruary 




10 


12 


6 


49.2 


64.3 


March 




6 


13 


12 


41.9 


130.6 


April 




13 


5 


12 


8.3.1 


1.^6.4 


May 




12 





19 


90.2 


19U.9 


June 




3 





22 


73.9 


335.6 


July 




16 


I 


14 


96.5 


106.7 


August 




15 





16 


79.1 


191.1 


September 




23 


1 


6 


90.7 


16.7 


October 




28 


3 





139.4 


()().() 


November 




25 


4 


1 


133.1 


01.9 


December 




17 


6 


8 


74.3 


81.7 -. , 



Notes on Bad Weather: 

March 12th midnight to Marcli 13 noon heavy rain and strong wind. 

April 11th very strong winds. 

April 25th at noon a very strong wind from the N. K. followed by rain. 

May 11th to 31st there were fifteen days of rain. 

May 20, h strong wind, thunder and rain. 

June 1st to 22nd there were twenty days of rain. 

August 9th to 22nd there were eleven d ys of rain. 

Au'ust 13th and 14th strong winds and heavy rains. 

September a severe shortage of rain, more so than usual. 

October - No rain during thf> wliole month. 

November 10th ami 11 th stong winds. 

Practically no rain during November. 



* Till- aliovr fieur 



taken from records of tlic Kwanetunc Aficu!t'arr>l hA-p'Timi-m 

]4: 



APPENDIX IV 

PRESENr-DAY VARIETIES OF KVVANGTUNG LYC'HEE 

1 ^ Is ^ A neuna hai Ya niang hsieh Mother's shoe 

2 ff i!^ n^ Ch'an^ pau hau Cheng pao hou Bursts the throat 

3 JSJ *S 3£ Chau Shiu Yuk Chou Shao Yu Man's name 

4 Hie Tt; ^ Chonir un hunu: Chuang yuan hung Royal red 

5 ^ ft ^^ Chu ma tsz Ch'u ma tsu China grass liber 

6 Ml M ^ Fung wong k'au Fang huang ch'iu Phoenix gem 

7 iB ■?■ ^ Fi tsz siu Fei tsu hsiao Imperial 

concubine's laugh 

^ >^ M Hak ip Hei yeh Black leaf 

9 # ^ Heung lai Hsiang li Fragrant lychee 

10 IS M Ka Wai Chia Huai False Woi 

11 ^ S ft Kat tsat chi No no chih Cockroach lychee 

12 Wf if^ Kwa luk Kua lu Hanging green 

13 /f^ n^ Kvvai mi Kuei wei Cinnamon flavor 

14 jg- :® rl Lokt'ongp'o Lot'angp'u Rushes in the pond 

15 l!7|i ^ li Ma tseuk ch'un Ma ch'iao ch'un Sparrow egg 

16 ^ fjr Mai kwai Mi kuei Rice cinnamon 

17 <^ ^ ^ No mai t"sz No mi ts'z Glutinous rice 

18 Jfi ^ ffl No mai t"un No mi tw"an Glutinous rice ball 

19 fiSS^ft Pak lap lai chi Pai la li chih White wax lychee 

20 & fy ^- Pak lik tsz Po le tzu White fragrant 

plant 

21:^ S Po toi Pu tai Cloth bag 

22 ^ :^ ^ Sai kok tsz Hsi chio tsu Rhinoceros horn 

23 H ^ ^ Sam ut hung San yueh hung Third month red 

24 •^W^'tk Sha t'ong lai chi Sha t'ang li chih Sugar lychee 

25 lU ft Shan chi Shan chih Mountain lychee 

26 f^ v§^ 1s Sheung shu wai Shang shou huai President of a 

board embraces 

H3 



144 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



11' 7!t J? ^T- Shui fau tsz Shui fou tsu Water float 

28 :)}t ^ j^ Shui tsing k'au Shui ching ch'iu Crystal quartz ball 

29 'h %, ^ Siu i k'un Hsiao erh ch'uan Child's fist 

30 g^ fe Sun chi Suan chih Sour lychee 

31 5!c ^ S= Sung ka heung Sung chia hsiang ISung family 

fragrance 

32 :^ W fiL Tai ho pau Ta ho pao Large purse 

33 :fe ^ !tS Tai ngau ku Ta niu ku Big bull 

34 ;k it Tai tso Ta tsao Large crop 

3 5 ^ iS I? T'am shai t'seng T'an shih ch'ang A person's name 

36 SH" M T'im ngani T'ien yeh Sweet cliff 

37 ^^ Ji ^- Ting sz ngau Ting sz niu Hit and kill 

the cow 

38 ^ 3 T'ong pok T'ang po Pond 

embankment 

39 -b jl -^ Ts'at ut shuk Ch'i yueh shou Seventh month 

ripe 

40 Tif ^ ^ Tseung kwan lai Chiang chun li General's lychee 

41 # /i Ts'ingpi Ch'ing p'i Green skin 

42 ^ ^ Tso lai Tsao li Early lychee 

43 ^- ^i '^ Tsun fung lai Chin feng li Tribute lychee 

44 ^ 0. ^ Ts'oi ma chi Tsai ma chih Vegetable hemp 

plant 

45 ir^ ^ Un t'un Yuan t'un Round rump 

^rO Vtfe ^;^ Wai chi Huai chih Wai river lychee 

47 Sj* lli li Ve shan chi Yeh shan chih Wild mountain 

lychee 

48 I-E W ^ Yuk ho pan Yu ho pao Jade purse 

49 5E zK Yuk ping Yu ping Jade ice 



PRESENT-DAY VARIETIES OF LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 145 



Pbksknt-Day Vabieties op Kwangtung Lungan 

1 ^ t$ Fa hok Hua kioh Flower skin 

2 ^WG^ Hak hat shek hap Hei ho shih hsia Black seed 

stone gorge 

3 $ Bl Ko un Kao yuan Fat meat ball 
^ :^^ M ^-J Luk lit pau Liu yueh pao Six months 

leopard 

5 fmUBR Shap ip lung ngan Shih yeh lung yen Ten leaves lungan 

6 ^iiffenlBR Shek hap lung ngan Shih hsia lung yen Stone gorge lungan 

7 SCEAbIBS She p'i lung ngan She p'i lung yen Snake skin lungan 
a|3R Ting un lung ngan Tingyuan lungyen Most round 

• lungan 

bIHP< Ts'iuyuklung Ts'ui you lungyen Crisp meat lungan 
ngan 

10 ■?• 9fz Tso wo Tsao ho Early rice 

11 .1, la U un VVu yuan Black ball 

12 il ^ Yau ngan Yau yen Soft lungan 



WU VING K'UEI'S (^Hii) LIST OF VARIETIES OF LYCHEE 

IN 
LING NAN LI CHIH P'U (^^^^t^) ' 

1 H il ^ Sam ut huny; San yueh hunij 7'hird month red 

2 3E I'pi & Yuk ho pau Yu ho pao Jade purse 

3 )^ ^ :]t. Sai kok tsz Hsi chic tsu Rhinoceros horn 

4 & il ^ Pak lap tsz Pai la tsu White wax 

5 ™ H Hak ip Hei yeh Black leaf 

6 it M Taun funir Chin feny: Tribute 

7 ^ -S T'ong pok •f'ane: po Pond 

embankment 

8 jM i?K ^^ Ying ping tsz Ying ping tsu Jcicle 

9 7jc 7? ^ Shui fau tsz Shui fou tsu Water float 

10 ^ S IS Sheung shu wai Shang shou huai President of a 

board embraces 

11 )^ ~f § Tai ting heung Vd ting hsiiing ]?ig clove 

12 M M -ft Lo t'au fa Lu t"ou hua Showing the 

head flower 

13 ,«^ U Ia Ma hau ling _Ma k'ou ling 15ell of a 

horse's mouth 

14 # 'E Heung lai Hsiang li Fragrant lychee 

15 jg> ?«^ Kwa luk Kua lu Hanging green 

16 T # S Ting heung kit Ting hsiang chich Clove knot 

17 i|^ :)|t ^ No mai t'sz No mi chih (ilutinous rice 

18 'h 111 lo shan Huo shan hire mountain 

19 FH ^ Tin ngam T'ien yen Field cliff 

20 i(^ n^ Kwai mi Kuei wei Cinnamon flavor 

21 '^ M -7- Chu ma tsz Ch'ii ma rsii China grass Hber 

1 WU VING K'lIEI (^!!iii;, Ling N.m Li Chih P'u (^S^li^M) in 
I.intr Nan I S/iu i^'^r^n), I'ook 59 {rSJL-\-)tm, ^fction 4 {BB^), 

M6 



WIJ YING K'UEI'S (^liij^) LIST OF VARIETIES OF LYCHEE 147 



22 ISR ^ §S Chan ka tsz Ch'en chia tsu ('lic)i family 

purple 

23 M ^ ^ Shan u ch'ui Shan hu chui Coral pendulum 
24- X la 1 ai tso la tsao Bitr crop 

25 X Sf W Tai tseuny; kwan Ta chiantr chun Bi<2; s^jeneral 

26 ^h !|f '¥! Siu tseunir kwan Hsiao chiang chun Small general 

27 ;{g: ^ H Huntj sau hai Hung hsiu hsieh Red embroidered 

shoe 

28 ff ^t ^ e chung Yeh chung Wild species 

29 -t: >H ^t Tsat ut hung Ch'i yueh hung Seventh month red 
.^0 tp |f; !f,^ Chung ts'au luk Ch'unchiu lu Chinese eighth 

month 
^^1 15 "tit Fii^ r'am Shai Tseung T"an Shih Ch'ang A man's name 

32 ta M ;-E Chau Shiu Yuk Chou Chao Yu A man's name 

33 ^ fif ,® Lai Chung Sz Li Sung Ssu A man's name 

34 :fi !fiS Yau lap Yo lah Having wax 

35 $M ^ Lap lai Lah li Wax lychee 

36 ,ft ^ Tsiu hat Chiao ho Scorched seed 
•'^7 # tE Ch'un fa Chun hua Spring flower 

38 ig f^ U kit Hu chieh Mongols hurry 

39 ^ H ft Yuk lo seung ^ u lu shuang Jade dew frost 

40 HJj ^ l^ Ming ut chu Ming yueh chu Bright moon pearl 

41 JtE ^ ^ Fi tsz siu Kei tsu hsiao Imperial 

concubine's laugh 

42 ,^ ¥. *A Maan li pik Wan li pi Thousand miles 

greenish blue 

43 M T0i ^ Li ting chu Li ting chu Pearl of a black 

horse's head 

44 # ^ ^ Shan u shue Shan hu shu Coral tree 

45 ^ /S. ^ Mau ni kwong Mou ni kuang ? 

46 ^ iS ?f King iu tan , Ch'ing yao tan Beautiful bullet 

47 ff- :^ # Fa tso ch'un Huats'ao ch'un Flower grass 

spring 

48 9| ifl 3^ Fu p'ak kwong Hu p'o kuang Amber bright 

49 'J^ ^ Fo chai Huo ch'i Fire level 



148 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



50 7lc ^ J'5 Shui tsing k'au Sbui chingch'iu Crystal quartz ball 

51 if4^ Ul ^ Luk lo i Lu lo i Green netted-silk 

cloth 

52 ^ JL Jl Kail ki wan Chiao chi huan Tea. poy rirg 

53 uE ^- ^ Lung nga lai Lung ya li Dragon tooih 

lychec 

54 ti: ^ Sung lai Sung li Sung lychee 
5i f$ 5"i ^ Hoi i k'un Hai erh ch'uan Baby's fist 

56 If.^ ^ M Luk lo po Lu lo p'ao Cireen netted-si)k 

robe 

57 :^ ^ Kok slui Chio shu * Rice dumpling 

58 ^ It f n Fa ling t'au Hualingt'oii Flower ridge head 

59 & \.3. l^, Kung ling sun Kung lir.g sun Grandfather 

leads grandson 

60 Y # Nga kai Ya chi Young maid's 

tuft of hair 

61 Mi ^ Fung lun Feng luan Phoenix egg 

62 i^ 3£ 15 Paak yuk ang Pa yu ying White jade dish 

63 rIE ^?c nl Yak pau lung Yu pan lung Jade coil dragon 

64 H ■ 53; Lai chu Li chu Lye of a black 

horse 

65 HJ^ Ti; ^ Chong un hung Chuang yuan hung Royal red 

66 il ^S Mo pun Mo p"an Grinding pot 

67 Hf M Shing wa Sheng hua Superior picture 
63 )|f :^ ^ Tseung kwan li Chiang chun li General Ivchee 
6'^ /h fjif ^ Siu ching un FTsiao ho pao Small quartz ball 

70 /)% "iii^ ^ Sliiu ho pau Hsiao ho pao Small purse 

71 Bi k% Ixt Che ku pan Che ku pan Partridee strip 

72 T^ $£ Sin hung Cii'ien hung Fresh and 

bright red 

73 IS i^i Ts'im luk Ch'icnlu Bamboo slip green 
7+ !'ll> Mi Tsam ts.im fai Fs'im fei fu Penetrating to the 

lutigs ai^d boweis 



APPENDIX V 

yW'ALYSES OF LYCHEE AND LUNGAN FRUITS 

by 
Walter C. Blasdale ' 



,^, _ . ^ ("lane Reducing , , Undcter- 

V\ater P.-.tem ..at ^^^^^^ g^^^^ Ash ^^.^^^ 

Nephelium lltchi (aril): 

Original material U.94 2.91 1.44 ^.M 66.58 2.21 7 45 

. Water-free substance 3.43 1.69 5.25 77.27 2.60 8.75 

Nephelium toiigan (aril): 

Original material 10.94 5.0L 1.04 37.50 27.54 2.3l 15. £6 

Water-f.ee substance 5.63 1.17 42.11 30.70 2.59 17.S0 



^ U. S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 63 



Printed by the Cor-iEGE Frees 
Cakton, China 

149 



APPENDIX VI 

THE LYCHEE (LITCHI CHINENSIS) A MYCORHIZAL PLANT. 

By FREDERICK V. COVILLE 

Botanist, United States Department of Agriculture 

The lychee plants brought to America by the United States 
Department of Agriculture and held in the greenhouse for pur- 
poses of study and propagation have seldom grown with luxuriance. 
Their stunted appearance and the poverty of their root develop- 
ment under the ordinary treatment of greenhouse plants indicated 
a lack of nutrition, and the idea suggested itself that the lychee 
might belong to that class of plants which require, or thrive best 
in, an acid soil. 

For a preliminary experiment, twelve seedling lychee plants 
were procured from the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Intro- 
duction (No. 46568). Three different soil mixtures were used, four 
plants being potted in each. For our present purpose only two of 
these soils need to be considered. One of these is the potting soil 
used for ordinary greenhouse purposes, made up of one part of 
rich loam, by bulk, one part of sand, and one part of well-rotted 
cow-manure. The other soil consists of two parts of upland peat 
and one part of clean sand. 

The plants were potted in these two soils June 21, 1920, 
in 4-inch pots. The pots were plunged in sand, in a greenhouse in 
which the minimum temperature in winter is 55° Fahr. at night, 
70° in the daytime. In spring, summer, and fall the temperature 
goes much higher. 

The difference in behavior of the lychee in the two soils 
is conspicuous, as is shown by typical plants from the two lots, 
seven months after potting, reproduced in Plate XX. The 
growth of the plants in the ordinary potting soil is very feeble; in 
the acid soil it is free and luxuriant. 

Corresponding inequalities of growth have taken place 
underground. In the ordinary soil the root development is feeble 
and is confined chiefly to stout, unbranched leaders which have 
pushed through to the bottom of the pot. In the acid soil the 
plants have produced similar root leaders, but more freely, and in 
addition there is an extensive development of smaller much- 
branched roots. These lie chiefly at the sides of the root-ball, 
against the wall of the pot. Some of the plants in the ordinary soil 
have developed similar branched roots, but much less extensively. 

151 



152 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



The characteristic of greatest interest, however, in the acid- 
soil plants is that their branched roots are covered with tubercles, 
and that these tubercles are gorged with mycorhizal fungi. The 
appearance and the abundance of these tubercles are well shown in 
Plate XXI. 

Dr. Emil G. Arzberger, of the Office of Crop Technology, 
with exquisite technique, has fixed, stained, and sectioned the 
tubercles, and has made drawings and photographs. His descrip- 
tions and illustrations leave no question that these tubercles are 
genuine symbiotic mycorhizas. Three photographs and four 
drawings by Dr. Arzberger, showing the mycorhizal fungi in the 
cells of the tubercles, at enlargements of 195 to 830 diameters, are 
reproduced in Plates XXII and XXIII. None of the plants in 
the ordinary soil developed these tubercles. 

This experiment was conducted without knowledge that 
Professor Groff was writing a book on the lychee. Ordinarily such 
an experiment would be repeated many times for verification before 
the results were published, but it has seemed desirable to publish 
this brief statement at once, since the experiment points to con- 
clusions of fundamental significance in the life history of the 
lychee and suggests a definite and unusual line of agricultural 
practice, at the very beginning of the culture of the lychee in the 
United States. 

The experiment indicates that the mycorhizal fungus is 
beneficial to the lychee plant, probably, indeed, essential to its 
vigorous growth and productivity; that an acid soil is necessary 
for the maintenance of the fungus; and that a soil of peaty type 
is the most promising for lychee culture. Repeated experiments 
should be made to test the validity of these indications. Dr. 
Arzberger is making a detailed study of the lychee root fungus for 
more extended publication. 

Although these mycorhizal tubercles presumably occur on 
the roots of the lychee in China, they have never been recorded or 
observed there, so far as Professor Groff is aware. A reexamination 
of lychee culture in China, in the light of the present experiment, 
will be of great interest, for it is likely to be found that this industry 
is a genuine acid-soil culture, developed as such by the Chinese, 
unconsciously and empirically, from the ancient and cumulative 
experience of that amazing people. 



APPENDIX VII 

LACK OF WINTER DORMANCY AND THE LOW ZERO POINT OF 

GROWTH OF THE LYCHEE LIMITING FACTORS IN ITS 

CULTURE IN FLORIDA. 

By WALTER T. SWINGLE 
United States Department of Agriculture 

Canton, China, is in the same latitude as Havana, Cuba. 
Coconut palms abound in Cuba and also in southern Florida, but 
the visitor to Canton looks in vain for them. The coconut palms 
grow in numbers on the shores of Lake Worth, Florida, in latitude 
26° 45', just three and one-half degrees north of Havana. 

The lychee has not as yet been grown successfully without 
protection in any part of Florida; and yet it is grown commerically 
in the southern part of Fukien Province, especially about Hsinghwa 
Fu (now P'ut'ien Hsien), two degrees north of Canton. I passed 
through Canton late in January, 1919, and found the weather 
cloudy and distinctly chilly. I was told that there had been prac- 
tically no sunshine for a month. To my surprise, the lychee trees 
growing on the dykes on the Canton Christian College grounds 
on Honan Island showed a beautiful wine-colored flush of new 
growth. The daily meteorological records of the Freeman Mete- 
orological Observatory at the Canton Christian College for January, 
1919, give the following record of temperature and humidity: 



Day 


Temp, at 7 a.m. 


Max. Temp. 


Min. Temp. 


Humidity 


Avg. Humidity 


Deg. Cent. 


Deg. Cent. 


Deg. Cent. 


7 A.M. 

per cent. 


7 A.M., I P.M. 

6 P.M., per cent 


I 


13.0 


17.8 


10.8 


95 


86 


2 


9 


4 


12.8 


9 





70 


61 


3 


4 


I 


134 


4 





61 


52 


4 


5 


6 


15-6 


3 


8 


72 


56 


5 


7 


6 


19. 1 


5 


2 


71 


52 


6 


9 


5 


20.9 


7 


3 


87 


61 


7 


13 


7 


23 -5 


9 





81 


73 


8 


17 


5 


23-4 


13 


4 


92 


91 


9 


19 


4 


25-5 


17 





97 


89 


10 


19 





27.9 


18 


4 


96 


83 


II 


19 


8 


26.4 


17 





98 


86 


12 


14 


I 


20.0 


13 


9 


83 


75 


13 


14 


2 


19.9 


137 


77 


93 



153 



154 



THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



Day 


Temp, at 7 a.m. 
Deg. Cent. 


Max. Temp. 
Deg. Cent. 


Min. Temp. 
Deg. Cent. 


Humidity 

7 A.M. 

per cent. 


Avg. Humidity 

7 A.M., I P.M. 

6 P.M., percent. 


14 


15-4 


20.7 


139 


88 


86 


15 


17.7 


20.5 


17 


3 


93 


86 


16 


13.2 


19. 1 


12 


3 


81 


80 


17 


15-7 


22.5 


12 


8 


89 


85 


18 


17.6 


234 


16 


8 


92 


85 


19 


10.2 


13-8 


10 


I 


77 


77 


20 


9.1 


12.6 


8 


9 


66 


70 


21 


8.9 


12.7 


8 


6 


76 


82 


22 


7-4 


12. 1 


6 


8 


89 


87 


23 


10. 2 


17-5 


9 


6 


94 


93 


24 


16. 1 


23 3 


15 


2 


98 


97 


25 




12.8 


II 


8 


95 


93 


26 




12.5 


9 


3 


98 


93 


27 




12. 1 


8 


9 


98 


93 


28 




12.4 


8 


8 


89 


87 


29 




18. s 


8 





97 


96 


,^0 


14.0 


150 


7 


9 


89 


94 


31 


95 


10. 5 


9 


3 


92 


94 




12.8 


18.0 


10.9 


86 


82 



The mean temperature for the month, obtained by taking the mean be- 
tween the maximum and minimum, is 14.45 Cent, or 58.01 Fahr. 

Unfortunately, there is no sunshine record for January, 1 9 1 9. 
The record for February, 1920, which tabulates similar but slightly 
lower maximum temperatures, shows only the following hours of 
sunshine for the month: 

• Day of Hours and Minutes 

Month of Sunshine 

I o h. 33 min. 

6 o h. 4 min. 

15 o h. 19 min. 

17 ■ 2 h. 20 min. 

29 I h. 52 min. 

Total, 5 days 5 hrs. 8 min. 

Only five hours and eight minutes of sunshine for a month! And 
the last five days of January, 1920, had also been without sunshine. 

The raw winter climate of Hongkong, in the latitude of 
Cienfuegos, Cuba, is well known. Many other tropical plants 
besides the coconut fail to thrive there. In spite of the coldness 
of the winter climate, frost is practically unknown there and is 
very rare in Canton, and never severe. 

A comparison of the records for January, 1919, for Canton, 



LIMITING FACTORS OF GROWTH IN FLORIDA 



155 



China, and the average for six points in Florida* for a long period 
of years is shown below: 



Station 


Latitude 


Mean Temp. 


Mean Max. 


Mean Min. 


Hours of 


(Location) 


(North) 


°Fahr. 


°Fahr. 


°Fahr. 


Sunshine 


Canton, China. . 


23° 06' 


58.01 . 


64.4 


51.6 


5 hr. 8 min. 


(Jan. 1919) 










(Feb. 1920) 


Key West, Fla. . 


24° 34' 


70.00 


74.00 


65.00 




Miami, Fla . . . 


25° 46' 


65.00 


74.00 


57.00 




Ft. Myers, Fla. . 


26° 38' 


62.00 


72.00 


52.00 




Tampa, Fla . . . 


27° 57' 


59.00 


68.00 


50.00 


194 hours 


Eustis, Fla 


28° so' 


58.00 


69.00 


48.00 




Jacksonville, Fla. 


30° 20' 


55 00 


64.00 


46.00 


161 hours 



It is evident at a glance that the Canton climate in January, 
1919, was much colder than the average of south Florida points, 
and especially the mean maximum temperature was much lower. 
The thermometric records do not fully show the difference between 
South China and Florida, since the bright sunshine (50 to 60 per 
cent or more of the total possible) of the south Florida winter 
would heat the leaves, buds, and twigs of a tree to a higher tem- 
perature than that of the air, while nothing of the kind happens 
during cloudy weather in China. 

The records reprinted above show that at Canton, China, 
during the eleven days from January 8 to 18, 1919, the rninimum 
temperatures were above 12.3° Cent. (55.1° Fahr.), the daily mean 
temperatures were above 15.7° Cent. (61.3° Fahr.), and the maxi- 
mum temperatures were above 19.1° Cent. (66.4° Fahr.), the hot- 
test day being the loth with the minimum 18.4° Cent. (66.1° Fahr.), 
the mean 23.2° Cent. (73.7° Fahr.), and the maximum 27.9° Cent. 
(82.3° Fahr.). Probably the growth on the lychee trees observed 
about January 25 resulted from this spell of warm weather. 

Such a moderate warm spell as this is sure to occur during 
every Florida winter, with the added stimulus of bright sunshine 
half or more of the time. 

If a surmise be ventured, I would place the zero point of 
growth of the lychee, in the light of the facts recorded above, 
between 16° Cent, and 18° Cent, (about 6o°-65° Fahr.). It is 
clear that the lychee has a very low degree of winter dormancy. 

The fact that the lychee was growing at Canton in the last 
week of January, 1919, in spite of prolonged cloudy weather and 
low maximum and mean temperatures, proves that it is able to 

*Henry, Alfred J. Climatology of the United States. Weather Bulletin B., Washington 
D. C, igo6, pp. .SS2-161. 



156 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



break out into new growth at relatively low temperatures; in 
other words, that it has a low zero point for vegetative growth, 
just as the West Indian lime. Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swing., 
and the guava, Psidium Guajava L., both of which are forced into 
a tender new growth by a few days of warm weather such as com- 
monly occur during a Florida winter. Both of these plants suflFer 
severely from cold in all but extreme south Florida. 

It appears very probable, then, that the lychee has hereto- 
fore failed to grow in Florida without protection not so much 
because of any extreme sensitiveness to cold as because of its lack 
of winter dormancy and low zero point of growth which cause it 
to put out tender new growth very liable to be injured by even 
moderate cold snaps. Experience in Florida has shown only too 
clearly that once the lychee has started into a tender new growth 
it is severely injured even by very slight frost that would have no 
effect whatever on mature leaves and twigs. 

It would appear desirable to test the lychee in south Florida 
by giving it the protection of a lath shed. Possibly the trees 
should be shaded on hot days to prevent the breaking out of new 
growth; certainly they should be protected by fire-pots, if neces- 
sary, on cold nights, and during cold winds if in growth. 

After the lychee has been grown successfully with such 
protection it might be possible to work out methods of culture in 
certain favored locations without the expense of sheds, giving only 
protection by fires during severe cold spells. 

The lychee is able to stand prolonged hot, moist weather in 
summer, in fact probably requires such weather in order to grow 
vigorously and fruit abundantly. The summer climate of south 
Florida is very much like that of south China, and doubtless the 
lychee will feel at home in Florida if it can be properly protected 
during the winter. 

In view of the exquisite flavor and superb beauty of the ripe 
fruit of the choicest varieties of the lychee, there is every reason 
to expect that this, the most highly esteemed fruit of China, will 
be grown in special greenhouses by amateurs all over the United 
States. Our hot summers, so trying to many flowers and fruits 
of Europe, would be beneficial rather than injurious to the lychee, 
and as a relatively low temperature during winter is advantageous 
to this tree, the expense of maintaining such a lychee house would 
be less than that of an ordinary greenhouse. Now that Professor 
Groff"has brought the finest varieties of the lychee to the United 
States and Dr. Coville has worked out the soil requirements of this 
plant, there should be no serious difficulty encountered in fruiting 
this tree under glass. 



APPENDIX VIII 

ROOTING LYCHEE CUTTINGS BY MEANS OF A HIGH TEMPERATURE 
AND HIGH HUMIDITY PROCESS. 

By EDWARD GOUCHER 
United States Department of Agriculture 

The vegetative propagation of certain woody plants, especi- 
ally some of the tropical and subtropical fruits, including the 
lychee, has always involved problems more or less difficult of solu- 
tion. In the past, various methods to root both hard and soft 
wood cuttings have been tried with varied success, but not any 
have proved entirely satisfactory or reliable. 

In the case of the lychee there has been special need for 
improved methods of propagation. Heretofore it has been neces- 
sary to propagate the desired varieties either by the inarch method 
or by grafting on seedling stocks. As these stocks must all be 
grown from short-lived seeds, secured abroad, which are very 
difficult to obtain in living condition, an attempt to establish in 
the United States an industry in this valuable fruit has been 
greatly retarded. 

With the object in view, therefore, of finding a solution of 
the difficulties, several experiments with cuttings of lychee were 
made as follows: 

(i) Cuttings were taken from the tips of young shoots. 
These were made from four to six inches long and the foliage was 
reduced about one-half. A ball of sphagnum moss was tied about 
the base of each cutting and these were then placed in pans in a 
warm propagating-case. 

(2) Another lot of cuttings was placed in a mixture of 
Jersey muck and silver sand, in a case similar to the above. 

Not any of the cuttings in either of these two experiments 
rooted, but their behavior was very valuable in later experiments. 
In the hot, humid atmosphere of the propagating-case all of the 
cuttings of lychee, placed in both the moss and soil, had their lower 
ends decayed, while the tops remained in splendid condition. And 
some cuttings formed a callus just above the surface soil, indicating 
that they needed more aeration at their base. 

(3) The third trial was then made with cuttings set in 
inverted pots, the stem ends shoved through the holes in the bot- 
tom. A small quantity of sphagnum moss was packed about the 
base so as to steady them, and the inverted pots were then placed 
on a bed of moss in the propagating-case. About forty per cent of 

157 



158 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



this lot formed roots, the remainder decaying at the base, but with 
some callousing above the dead wood. 

(4) In the final and most successful experiment a number 
of three-inch pots were two-thirds filled with a mixture of Jersey 
muck and silver sand of equal parts. The cuttings were made 
with only a small portion of the foliage removed. Each cutting 
was then tied to a six-inch pot label, and the labels were shoved 
down into the partly filled pots until the base of each cutting just 
touched the soil. These cuttings formed a callus in from eight to 
ten days and some sent their roots down into the soil in twenty 
days after planting. Eighty per cent of these cuttings rooted, and 
when they were thoroughly rooted the pots were filled with soil 
and the plants were removed to a cooler section of the propagating- 
case in order to prepare them gradually for greenhouse conditions. 

Construction of the Propagating-Case. 

The propagating-case contains a shallow, galvanized iron 
pan for water which is heated by means of an electric heater or a 
small oil-stove hot-water equipment. Over the pan is placed a 
false bottom of one-fourth-inch wire mesh which is covered with 
moss. Upon this moss the pots containing the cuttings are placed. 
Over the box, which is tightly constructed so as to conserve all the 
heat, a hinged sash is fitted. This must fit sufficiently snug to 
prevent evaporation. 

A very simple outfit for field use has been made similar to 
the above. The heating equipment consists of an oil-stove with 
water attachment. A small one gallon boiler is located immedi- 
ately over the oil-stove, not unlike an incubator. A one-inch pipe 
extends out from the top of the boiler, and under the water-tank 
which it encircles, and then returns to the bottom of the boiler. 

Preparation and Treatment of Cuttings. 

As already indicated, great care must be taken in the pre- 
paration of cuttings not to allow them to become dry. After they 
are removed from the parent plant they should be immediately 
immersed in water. The lychee seems to delight in a hot, moist 
atmosphere. A temperature of 85 to 90 degrees should be main- 
tained in the propagating-case and cuttings should be kept moist 
at all times. The foliage should be wet down several times during 
the day if necessary, and shaded from bright sunlight. The lychee 
is peculiar in its ability to stand up under these hot, moist condi- 
tions. Cuttings of other fruits will collapse completely; others 



ROOTING LYCHEE CUTTINGS 159 



callous but do not send out roots; and still others go to pieces in a 
few days. The lychee, on the other hand, will quickly wither if 
allowed to become dry. 

The chief difficulties experienced have been in removing 
the plants from the sweat-box. This must be accomplished 
gradually, and in order to do this one should have one or two other 
boxes in which there is a gradual let-down of temperature and 
humidity. With the right kind of cuttings and facilities there is 
no reason why the propagation of the lychee from cuttings should 
not prove a most advantageous commercial method of multiplying 
desirable varieties of this interesting plant. 



APPENDIX IX 

SUNG CHIO'S ACCOUNT OF THE ORGANIZATION OF A LYCHEE CLUB 

AT P'UTTEN, FUKIEN PROVINCE, DURING THE MING 

DYNASTY* 

Translated by Michael J. Hagerty, Chinese Translator of the United 

States Department of Agriculture, assisted byCh'en 

Ts'ing-hua and Wu Mien 

INTRODUCTION 

Sung Chio (literary name Sung Ta-mo) in 1608 wrote his Li chih p^u or 
treatise on the lychee. He was a native of P'ut'ien district in Hsinghwa prefecture, 
one of the famous lychee-growing regions in Fukien Province. 

His treatise is reprinted both in the Imperial Encyclopedia (see p. 119, 
No. s) and in Mr. Wu's great work on Chinese Botany (see p. 120, No. 11). It 
contains seven chapters, as follows: i. "Fortunate Occupation" (Introduction); 
2. "The Lychee Club"; 3. "The Narrative" (History); 4. "Records of the Simg 
Family Lychee" ; 5. "Lychee Wine"; 6. "Remarkable Events"; 7. "The Lychee 
Slave (Lungan)." The whole treatise is written in a highly imaginative style 
and is replete with hyperboles and literary allusions. The author extols the lychee 
above all other fruits. "The lychee is the genius, the Buddha of the fruits; there 
is nothing to be compared to it," so he begins his treatise. In the first chapter he 
tells of eating a thousand or two lychee fruits a day and a himdred thousand fruits 
during the season. Only two of his friends, Kuo Sheng-tai and Fang Tzu-tao, 
could eat as many. He says, "I took pleasure in separating the varieties and 
enjoyed compiling this treatise." 

Under the heading "Unalloyed Bliss in Eating the Lychee," he lists 
thirty-three favorable or auspicous circumstances which add to the pleasure of 
eating lychee, such as: "the coming of agreeable friends," "facing flowing 
water," "examining treatises on the lychee," etc., etc. Then under "Somber 
Happenings in Eating the Lychee," he lists thirty-four unfavorable circum- 
stances tending to diminish the pleasure derived from eating the lychees, such 
as: "heavy rains," "having people about who do not like to eat lychees," "lis- 
tening to bad poems or songs," "urging guests not to eat lychee under pre- 
tense of avoiding ill effects from the heat," appearance of the Pine cone vari- 
ety," (the last to ripen, marking the end of the season), etc., etc. 

*This translation of Sung Chio's account of a lychee club is taken from the second chapter 
of his Li chih p'u reprinted in the Chinese Imperial Encyclopedia, Book 273, Hui Kao, Pt. i, fol. 
7 of the Small Edition, or Pt. i, fol. 15-16 of the Imperial Edition. 

Sung Chio's entire work and the five other treatises on the lychee reprinted in this En- 
cyclopedia, have been translated by Mr. Hagerty assisted by Ch'en Ts'ing-hua and Wu Mien. 
Photostat copies of the typewritten translations, as well as of the entire text of the Imperial Edition 
of the Encyclopedia referring to the lychee and lungan (Books 273-277 and part of Book 280, in all, 
202 folios), may be secured by arrangement with the Library of the U. S. Department of 
Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Translations of the other four treatises on the lychee (Nos. i, 2, 4 
and 9, on pp. 118-119), not reprinted in the Imperial Encyclopedia, as well as the Chinese texts, can 
also be secured there. 

The Library of the U. S. Department of Agriculture has also a set of photostat copies of 
he historical and botanical references on the lychee from western sources, 409 pages in all, prepared 
by Mrs. Walter T. Swingle (Nos. 100-232, see pp. 127-141). These also may be secured by special 
arrangement. 

160 



THE ORGANIZATION OF A LYCHEE CLUB 161 



CHAPTER II 

The Lychee Club 

"The people of the Min-hao^ region (though living near the 
lychee districts) do not all see the lychee. To see this fruit, to 
obtain some to eat during the ripening season, and when eating 
to obtain one's fill, to taste all the famous varieties — these, like 
visiting the Mermaids' palace- and Ch'i Nu's^ mansion to obtain 
all one wants of bright pearls an inch through and coral branches 
ten feet long, are not easy. The people of leisure in Wu^ and 
Yiieh^ (far distant from the lychee districts) who hear of this fruit 
can enjoy it only through their ears, though the hearing of it makes 
them imagine they can see it and causes their mouths to water so 
profusely that they wet their feet and are compelled to roll up the 
skirts of their robes, embarrassing them so that they do not know 
what to do. There has been no lack of curious people in the world 
who nevertheless do not travel a thousand or a hundred // to see 
this fruit. The natives (living in lychee districts) are so accus- 
tomed to seeing and hearing of this fruit that they do not appre- 
ciate those bright pearls and corals and even regard them as being 
no better than sweet peaches or sweet plums. So therefore I 
have written the metaphors on "Unalloyed Bliss" and "Somber 
Happenings" (see above) .^ 

"My friends of the same tastes as myself in the village are 
few and their capacity for eating lychee is very small. ^ Many 
times I have wanted to invite a number of friends to form a club 
like the Lien She^ and the Mei She,^ but for one reason or another 
this wish was never realized. At the end of spring Fang Tzu-tao 
came to see me and I talked to him about this subject. He was 
pleased and said: 'Last summer while visiting in Yiin-chien^" I 
earnestly thought about this fruit and now I shall not lightly reject 
this opportunity.' Accordingly, on the 6th day of the 6th month 
we began to meet in the Ts'ui family garden now belonging to the 

1 Fuchow in Fukien Province. 

2 The Shu I Chi (collection of notes on the wonderful, by Jen Fang of the early part of the 
6th century) says that the Chiao JSn or Mermaids dwell under the water like fish, where they weave 
without stopping and when their tears drop from their eyes they turn into pearls. See T'zii Yuan 
p. .s6, under the igsth radical. 

3 This is the 'hao' or pseudonym of Shih Ch'ung, a man famous for his great wealth, which 
he was fond of displaying. See Giles C. P. D., p. 651. 

^ Kiangsu Province. 

5 Chekiang Province. 

6 This introductory paragraph is so obscure and so full of hyperboles as to be difficult to 
render literally in English. 

' As compared with his own capacity to eat one or two thousand fruits a day. 
* Lien She — Lotus Club. 
9 Mei She— Plum Blossom Club. 
10 The present Huat'ing district in Sunkiang prefecture in Kiangsu. 



162 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



brothers Lin Ch'ien-po and Lin Shou-po and we agreed to meet 
once every day until the lychee fruiting season was over and then 
stop. The by-laws of our club consisted of five articles. I was 
made director of the club. Though this fruit is a wonderful and 
mysterious thing, yet we are able to value, cherish, and also guard 
it by forming into a club those who have the same liking for it as 
ourselves. 

"We will meet when the weather is fine. For a tent we will 
use the heavy shade. For a bath we will use the cold fountain. 
For a covering we will use clothing that the breezes blow through. 
For illumination we use cool moonlight. To mix with the lychee 
we will use dark blue wine. For relief (from over-eating) we 
will drink cold syrup. To verify statements concerning the lychee 
we will use the old records. To record our business we will 
use new poems. 

"Although we are living in a foul, dusty world, still we are 
able to view the borders of the capital of the genii and while our 
bodies dwell within a fiery city, our spirits roam throughout the 
cool valleys. Not only those people of leisure living in Wu and 
Yiieh cannot gratify these longings, even Po Fu^ who broke the 
purple silk in Nan-pin^ or Su Weng who was presented with some 
deep red hornless dragon pearls (ch'en ch'iu chu)^ in Ling-piao* 
are like one who calls himself venerable when there is no Buddha 
around and that they could not compete with us is clear. 

By-Laws: 

(i) "The club begins to meet when the Huo shan (Volcano) 
variety is entirely ripe and ceases to meet on the day when the 
Sung lei (Pine cone) variety comes forth. Each day one member 
acts as director and procures three thousand fruits as an average, 
but if there are more, then the pleasure is greater. 

(2) "Whoever acts as director sends out announcements 
before the time of meeting. As the club has no fixed meeting- 
place, either an old Buddhist temple or a famous garden will be 

1 Po ChU-i. , r.^ ■ , 

* This is an allusion to the following incident noted in the biography of Po Chti-i found in 
Old History of the T'ang dynasty: "The lychee fruit grown around the gorges of Pa I or Eastern 
Ssuch'uan has a hull that is like red silk, and inner skin that is like purple silk. Its pulp is bright 
like frozen snow with juice of a 'sweet sour' taste like rich, sweet wine." See P'ei WSn Yin Pu, 
Bk. 17, p. 58, r. „ . . . , 

3 Ch'en Ch'iu chu — deep red, hornless dragon pearls. This is an allusion to an incident 
mentioned in the following two lines of a poem written by Su Tung-p'o upon eating some lychee fruit 
on the nth day of the 4th month: 

'You rinse the wine cups and pour out the excellent wine, 
While on this transparent dish you present me with these 
deep-red hornless dragon pearls.' 
< Ling-nan. See P'ei W6n Yun Fu, Bk. 7, Pt. i, p. 108, r. 



THE ORGANIZATION OF A LYCHEE CLUB 163 



suitable for this purpose. One may come by boat or horseback, 
following the course he finds suitable. The club will often meet 
in remote country places where we will have even more seclusion. 

(3) "The club will meet in the morning and adjourn in the 
evening. At noon we will eat some vegetable congee and in the 
evening supplement this with several cups of clear broth. There 
will be no large vessels of strong rank meats to mar the refinement 
of our gatherings. 

(4) "When about to separate each member must select a 
theme and a rhyme and at the following meeting he must present 
his poem. If it is not finished he is punished by having three 
thousand fruits taken from him. At meeting-time, members will 
devote themselves to eating and drinking and not occupy them- 
selves with poems and songs .but each following his own inclination 
may either take the tripod for warming tea, play chess, recline 
upon a pillow or mat, enjoy fragrant incense, chat, laugh and not 
bother about anything else. 

(5) "Those who disturb our ideas and who shirk should 
be dealt with strictly, while the dilettanti who enter (uninvited) 
shall not be excluded." 



APPENDIX X 

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

PLATE I. Reproduction of a painting of the lychee attributed to the Sung 
Emperor, Hui Tsung (1100-1126 A. D.) and entitled "The Ch'en Purple 
Lychee Embroidered Fragrant Bag." Photograph, February, 1921, by 
permission of The Metropolitan Museum of Art (one-third natural size). 

PLATE II, Frontispiece. A Kwangtung lychee landscape. A nine-story pagoda, 
a Canton slipper-boat and lychee trees along the dykes of the streams. Honan 
Island, Canton, China. January, 1915. Photograph (No. 1049.544) by the 
author. 

PLATE III, Figure la. Reproduction of a rubbing of the "Li Chih P'u" by 
Ts'ai Hsiang (two-fifths natural size) . • This work was composed in Fukien 
Province, China, in 1059 A. D. It was dixaded into seven parts of which this 
page, scarred and cracked, represents the first portion of Part I. The work 
is possibly the oldest horticultural monograph extant. Ts'ai Hsiang's literary 
name is (Ts'ai) Chun-mo; and his canonization title, given by the Emperor 
after his death, is (Ts'ai) Chung-hsiang Rung. Photograph, December, 1920, 
for the author, from the copy in the Library of Congress Chinese collection. 
The set of rubbings from the inscription on stone, in the Library of Con- 
gress Chinese collection, is mounted, Chinese style, in a folded portfolio of 70 
pages. Photostat copies of this, as well as of a set of rubbings from a facsimile 
copy on wood, in which all the characters are perfect, can be secured by 
arrangement with the Library of the United States Department of Agriculture. 

PLATE III, Figure ib. Reproduction of a copy of the "Li Chih P'u" by Ts'ai 
Hsiang, neatly written upon silk. This page also represents Part I of the 
work and is reproduced here about two-fifths natural size. The silk copy 
which has been in the possession of one Chinese family for at least five genera- 
tions, though slightly worm-eaten, is well preserved. Photograph, 1920, for 
the author. 

PLATE IV, Figure ic. Reproduction of a reprint of the "Li Chih P'u" by 
Ts'ai Hsiang, representing the first page of Part II as it appears in the Tsung 
Li Yaman reprint of The Chinese Imperial Encyclopedia (two-thirds natural 
size). Photograph, 1920, for the author, from the copy in the Library of 
Congress Chinese collection. 

PLATE V, Figure 2. Fruiting material of an herbarium specimen of Litchi 
philippinensis Radlk (one-half natural size) . The specimen was collected in 
Tambalos Province, Luzon, P. I., in April, 1905, by W. M. Maule. A quo- 
tation from Radlkofer, attached to the specimen, states: "These fruits seem 
really partly to split by exsiccation, but nevertheless the plant is from floral 
and anatomical characters a true litchi." It is important as a matter of record 
to note, on the leaves of this specimen, lychee leaf-galls, a species of Eriophyes, 
a conspicuous enemy of the cultivated lychee (see page 84) . Photograph by 
the author (No. 31 136), February, 1918, with permission of the Bureau of 
Science, Manila, P. I. 

PLATE V, Figure 3. Fruiting material of an herbarium specimen of Euphoria 
cinerea Radlk (one-half natural size). The collector was H. N. Whitford. 
The fruits were secured from a 50-meter tree growing at the foot of a hill, on 
river-bottom land, along Lamao River, P. I. Photograph by the author (No. 
31 134), February, 1918, with permission of the Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I . 

164 



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS 165 



PLATE VI, Figure 4. The root system of a mature lychee tree, as seen along 
the side of a dyke, the earth of which had been washed away by flood. Near 
Nan Kang, Kwangtung, China, March, 1917. Photograph (No. 1151) by 
the author. 

PLATE VI, Figure 5. A flower panicle of the lychee, San yueh hung variety.' 
Near Nan Kang, Kwangtung, China, March, 1917. Photograph (No. 1152) 
by the author. 

PLATE VII, Figure 6. An irmer and an outer dyke along the Pearl River, both 
planted with lychee trees. In the low, wet field, bounded by these dykes, 
Cantonese farmers are setting out, in straight rows, young rice plants. Ling 
Nan (Canton Christian College), Canton, China, April, 1915. Photograph 
(No. 1057.595) by the author. 

PLATE VII, Figure 7. A lotus pond surrounded by dykes. The limb of a 
lychee tree extends out over the pond. Li Chih Wan (Canton's Public Fruit 
Park), Canton, China, June, 1915. Photograph (No. 1069.702) by the author. 

PLATE VIII, Figure 8. A dyked field in the Canton Delta, planted to sagit- 
taria. Cantonese women are standing in the mud, up to the knees, harvesting 
the crop. Notice again lychee trees planted along the dykes. Near Canton, 
China, December, 1913. Photograph (No. 1029.281) by the author. 

PLATE VIII, Figure 9. Fish-ponds, in which fish are cultured, formed by the 
dykes constructed along the Pearl River. Students standing under the lychee 
trees and fishing in the ponds. Ling Nan (Canton Christian College), Canton, 
China. Summer, 1916. Photograph (No. 4120.1339) by the author. 

PLATE IX, Figure 10. Pearl River dykes held in place by stone walls and lychee 
trees. Ling Nan (Canton Christian College), Canton, China. June, 1914. 
Photograph (No. 1038.443) by the author. 

PLATE IX, Figure ii. The Pearl River in flood, showing the ability of the 
lychee to withstand the submersion of roots for long periods of time. Floods 
in Kwangtung are frequent and severe, but lychee trees, planted along the 
dykes, withstand the force of the streams. Ling Nan (Canton Christian 
College), Canton, China. Jvily, 1915. Photograph (No. 1078.753) by the 
author. 

PLATE X, Figure 12. A walk aloiig a lychee dyke. Near Canton, China, 
March, 1917. Photograph (No. 1153) by the author. 

PLATE X, Figure 13. The dykes in south China are usually planted to fruit. 
Lychee trees on the left and plum trees on the right. Honan Island, Canton, 
China, January, 1915. Photograph (No. 1050.545) by the author. 

PLATE XI, Figure 14. Students picking lychee in the well-formed dyke plan- 
tation of the Canton Christian College. These trees are the Huai chih 
variety. The students often purchase a whole tree of fruits. This photo 
was taken when the tides were high and the water reached to the branches 
of the trees. Ling Nan, Canton, China, July, 1914. Photograph (No. 
4052.454) by the author. 

PLATE XI, Figure 15. Crop watcher who, during the fruiting season of lychee, 
sleeps and eats on the dykes, thus protecting his crop. Note his thatched hut 
on the right, imder the trees. He has picked a basket of fruits and is preparing 
them for the market. Ling Nan, Canton, China, June, 1915. Photograph 
(No. 1063.695) by the author. 



166 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



PLATE XII, FiGTTRE i6. Ling Nan lychee ready for the market. This is one 
of the types of basket, made locally from stripped bamboo, in which the fruit 
is marketed. Ling Nan (Canton Christian College), Canton, China, July, 

1914. Photograph (No. 4053.455) by the author. 

PLATE XII, FiGXJRE 17. Clusters of lychee, Huai chih variety, as they form on 
the trees. Ling Nan (Canton Christian College), Canton, China, Jime, 

1915. Photograph (No. 4070.694) by the author. 

PLATE XIII, FiGXiRE 18. A group of Canton Christian College Middle School 
students as seen at the time of a favorite practicum — a study of the varieties 
of the lychee. Ling Nan, Canton, China, June^ 1915. Photograph (No. 
4069.693) by the author. 

PLATE XIV, Figure 19. A fruiting limb of a lychee tree. Ling Nan (Canton 
Christian College), Canton, China, June, 1915. Photograph (No. 1156) by 
the author. 

PLATE XIV, Figure 20. The head of a lychee tree in fruit, showing the ex- 
tremely heavy yield. Note especially how the heavily fruiting limbs have 
been braced with bamboo poles. Ling Nan (Canton Christian College), 
Canton, China, Jime, 1915. Photograph (No. 1157) by the author. 

PLATE XV, Figure 21. Lychee trees, along the dykes, the fruit of which is 
protected from the ravages of bats by meshed wire netting, stretched from 
poles stuck into the mud of the ponds. The flight of the bats to the trees is 
thus checked. Li Chih Wan, Canton, China, June, 1915. Photograph (No. 
1068.700) by the author. 

PLATE XV, Figure. 22. A view of the terraced hills, planted to fruit, at Lo 
Kang. The irregularly constructed steps along the sides of these hills are 
from fifteen to twenty feet wide and quite level. The sides of the steps, as 
seen by a man standing on each terrace, are perpendicular and from four to 
six feet high. Lo Kang, Kwangtung, China, April 9, 1919. Photograph 
(No. 31480) by the author. 

PLATE XVI, Figure. 23. The outer stockade built about the famous F.ua lu 
lychee tree. With fruit worth $24 per catty (one and one- third pounds) no 
chances are taken by the owners with thieves. This, the original Kua lu tree, 
is said to produce fruit of very superior quality and flavor. However, layers 
from the tree planted elsewhere are said to be far inferior to the original. The 
original tree is very old and in the days of the Empire all the fruit was sent 
to Peking or foimd its way into the hands of ofl&cials. Tseng Ch'ing, Kwang- 
tung, China, June 28, 1918. Photograph (No. 31313) by the author. 

PLATE XVI, Figure 24. In addition to the stockade (Fig. 23), enclosing the 
Kua lu lychee, there is an inner fence of bamboo. In addition to this pro- 
tection against thieves, there is a fish-net thrown over the entire tree in order 
to protect the fruit from the attack of birds. It is reported that when the 
fruit is being picked from this tree it is customary for the owner to require 
pickers to sing in a loud voice, thus assuring that no fruit is being eaten. 
Tseng Ch'ing, Kwangtung, China, June 28, 1918. Photograph (No. 31316) 
by the author. 



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS 167 



PLATE XVII, Figure 25. Upland orchard of lychee, revealing the tree, in 
shape and size not unlike that of apple. The magnificent culture of these 
trees of Huai chih variety as seen on these foothills establishes the fact that 
it is not necessary to grow this tree along the streams if the rainfall is sufficient 
during the fruiting season. Hsin T'ang, district of Tung Kuan, Kwangtung, 
China, March, 191 7. Photograph (No. 1150) by the author. 

PLATE Xyill, Figure 26. Lychee nurseries at the village of Fang Yung. 
Lychee trees are very tender, especially when young and the nursery plantings 
are protected from the cold winter winds by a magnificent hedge of mango 
trees. Fang Yung, Tung Kuan district, Kwangtung, China, March, 191 7. 
Photograph (No. 1149) by the author. 

PLATE XVIII, Figure 27. Fang Yung nurseryman in his orchard of specially 
selected and named trees, from which his nursery stock of lychee is propagated. 
Fang Yung, Tung Kuan district, Kwangtung, China, March, 191 7. Photo- 
graph (No. 1148) by the author. 

PLATE XIX, Figure 28. A pair of Ta tsao — Large crop — lychee as seen in the 
nursery village of Fang Yung, Tung Kuan district, Kwangtung, China, March, 
1917. Photograph (No. 1147) by the author. 

PLATE XIX, Figure 29. Mr. Chan P'eng Cheung, nurseryman of Fang Yung, 
seated under a beautiful specimen of lychee, the Hsi chio tsu — Rhinoceros 
horn — variety. Notice the vines and lichens growing along the trunk of the 
tree. Fang Yung, Timg Kuan district, Kwangtung, China, March, 191 7. 
Photograph (No. 1146) by the author. 

PLATE XX. An acid peaty soil better for the lychee than an ordinary fertile 
soil. On June 21, 1920, these two lychee plants were of similar size and 
condition of health. On January 11, 19 21, when this photograph was taken, 
the condition of the two was conspicuously different. The vigorous healthy 
plant at the left had been growing for the seven months in an acid soil, con- 
sisting of two parts of upland peat to one of sand, while the weak unhealthy 
plant at the right had been growing for the same period in an ordinary rich 
soil made up of equal parts of loam, manure, and sand. (One-fifth natural 
size.) Photograph from Frederick V. Coville. 

PLATE XXI. Healthy lychee root showing the mycorhizal tubercles. This is a 
photograph (six times natural size) of a healthy root from a lychee plant grown 
in an acid peat-and-sand soil. The tubercles are gorged with mycorhizal 
fimgi. Plants grown in an ordinary rich soil are small and weak and bear no 
tubercles. Photograph from Frederick V. Coville. 

PLATE XXII. Enlarged sections of lychee root tubercles showing the cells 
gorged with the mycorhizal fungus. Microphotographs by Dr. Emil G. 
Arzberger. 

Figure a. Median longitudinal section of a tubercle, showing the fungus 
mycelium in nearly all the cortical cells. (Magnification 195 diameters.) 

Figure h. Two of the outer cortical cells of a tubercle, showing the form 
of the fungus myceliimi. (Magnification 830 diameters.) 



168 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



PLATE XXIII. Cells of lychee root tubercles containing the mycorhizal fungus. 
Drawings by Dr. Arzberger with the aid of a camera lucida. 

Figure a. Group of host cells from the outer part of the cortex, contain- 
ing a relatively stout mycelium. (Magnification 775 diameters.) 

Figure h. Group of host cells from the inner part of the cortex, showing a 
distorted host nucleus and the relationship of the branches of the mycelium 
to one another. (Magnification 775 diameters.) 

Figure c. Host cell from the outer part of the cortex, shoiving a large 
nucleus and the presence of cytoplasm. (Magnification 775 diameters.) 

Figure d. Group of inner cortical host cells, bordering on the vascular 
cylinder, showing the structure and relationship of the mycelial branches. 
(Magnification 500 diameters.) 

PLATE XXIV, Figure 30. Reclaimed swampy land, planted to lychee. A 
clear illustration of the raised-bed system of orchard planting, Tung Kuan 
district, Kwangtung, China, March, 191 7. Photograph (No. 1145) by the 
author. 

PLATE XXIV, Figure 31. Scene of low-lying lychee groves, from substantially 
constructed bridge across a canal, Tung Kuan district, Kwangtung, China, 
March, 1917. Photograph (No. 1143) by the author. 

PLATE XXV, Figure 32. Cantonese farmer at work along the dykes, fertilizing 
lychee trees with night soil. The fertilizer is carried in the buckets, from the 
boats (PLATE XXVI, Figure 34) ; small holes are dug near the base of the 
tree and a liberal quantity of this liquid fertilizer is poured into the holes. In 
the watery field on the left sagittaria is growing; in the field to the right the 
stubble remaining from the second crop of rice is seen. Near Canton, China, 
December, 1913. Photograph (No. 1026.242) by the author. 

PLATE XXVI, Figure 33. A raised-bed plantation of lychee, showing holes 
dug in the beds, into which the liquid night soil is poured. Honan Island, 
Canton, China, March, 1917. Photograph (No. 1144) by the author. 

PLATE XXVI, Figure 34. Unloading night soil boats for the fertilizing of 
lychee trees. Himdreds of these boats ply between Canton City and the 
country districts. The long bamboo handle on the dipper serves also as a 
pole on which to swing the two buckets when the man carries them, swung 
across his shoulder, to the dykes. Near Canton, China, December, 1913. 
Photograph (No. 1025.241) by the author. 

PLATE XXVII, Figure 35. Lychee fruits arriving at the markets in Canton. 
The fruits are transported from the districts in the large, covered, bamboo 
baskets, in the passage boats seen in the photograph. The man, singing as 
he jogs along, is carrying two of these heavy baskets of fruit, one attached to 
each end of a large bamboo pole swimg across his shoulder. Canton City, 
China, July, 1915. Photograph (No. 1077.739) t>y the author. 

PLATE XXVII, Figure 36. Extensive nursery beds of lychee as seen at Fang 
Yung. These plants have all been "Chinese air-layejed" from selected trees 
and planted closely together in nursery beds. Fang Yimg, Tung Kuan 
district, Kwangtung, China, March, 191 7. Photograph (No. 1142) by the 
author. 



i 



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS 169 



PLATE XXVIII, Figure 37. The common method of raising the young lychee 
trees from their nursery beds. A ball of earth is kept intact with each tree 
raised, held in place by ropes of rice straw carefully bound about the earth 
before the tree is moved. A large, sharp chisel is used to raise the tree. Fang 
Yung, Tung Kuan district, Kwangtung, China, March, 191 7. Photograph 
(No. 1141) by the author. 

PLATE XXVIII, Figure 38. The lychee trees are transported from the nurseries 
in boats, as seen in the illustration. Timg Kuan district, Kwangtung, China, 
March, 191 7. Photograph (No. 1140) by the author. 

PLATE XXIX, Figure 39. Potted lychee on sale in the Hua Ti Gardens near 
Canton. Hundreds of these plants, sold under variety names, can be found 
in these world-famous gardens. Canton, China, June, 1915. Photograph (No. 
1073.709) by the author. 

PLATE XXIX, Figure 40. Potted fruits are favorite ornamentals of the 
Chinese. Small pots of fruiting lychee are not imcommon. Hua Ti Gardens, 
Canton, China, Jime, 1915. Photograph (No. 1072.708) by the author. 

PLATE XXX, Figure 44. A cluster of the famous No mi ts'z — Glutinous rice — 
lychee, from a layered plant. (One-half natural size.) Lo Kang, Kwang- 
tung, China, June, 1920. Photograph (No. 1349) for the author. 

PLATE XXX, Figure 46. A cluster of Hsiang li or Fragrant lychee from Sin 
Hing district, Kwangtung. (About one-third natural size.) The fruits are 
deep red in color, with a roughened surface. They are quite fragrant. Can- 
ton, China, summer, 1915. Photograph (No. 1136) for the author. 

PLATE XXXI, Figure 42. The most conspicuous insect enemy of the lychee — 
a highly decorated species of Pentatomidse, Tessaratoma papulosa. The 
winged adults, lychee-colored nymphs, and hatched and unhatched eggs are 
all shown about natural size. Ling Nan (Canton Christian College) , Canton, 
China, summer, 1915. Photograph (No. 1139) by the author. 

PLATE XXXII, Figure 41. An ingenious method of killing the lychee tree borer. 
Cantonese farmer, standing in the fork of the tree, shooting "hisser" firecrackers 
into the holes which the larvae have bored in the branches of the tree. Near 
Canton, China, January, 1914. Photograph (No. 1035.306) by the author. 

PLATE XXXII, Figure 43. The trunk of a lychee tree showing the work of the 
lychee borer and lichens growing over the bark. The sight of both is very common. 
Near Canton, China, June, 1915. Photograph (No. 1065.701) by the author. 

PLATE XXXIII, Figure 45. A natural size and natural color reproduction of 
the inarched type of No mi ts'z variety of lychee as produced at Lo Kang, 
Canton, China, summer, 1915. Photograph (No. 1137) for the author. 

PLATE XXXIV, Figure 47. The original parent tree of a famous variety of 
lychee, the Hsi chio tsu — Sai kok tsz — or Rhinoceros horn. In the Tseng 
ch'ing district the fame of this variety is next to that of the Kua lu or Hanging- 
green (see PLATE XVI). Liu ts'un, Tseng ch'ing district, Kwangtung, 
China, June 29, 1918. Photograph (No. 31330) by the author. 

PLATE XXXIV, Figure 48. View of the entire "Rhinoceros horn" tree, the 
trunk of which is shown in Figure 47. In the Tseng Ch'ing district this 
variety ranks third in earliness. Some idea of the size of this tree may be 
made by comparing it with the people standing along the road. This tree 
had a spread of head of more than sixty feet. The forked trunk, breast high, 
had a total circimiference of twelve feet. Liu Ts'un, Tseng Ch'ing district, 
Kwangtung, China, Jime 29, 1918. Photograph (No. 31329) by the author. 



170 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



PLATK XXXV, Figure 49. The Hci yeh (Hak ip) or Black-leaf variety. (One- 
half natural size.) Fruit from TscnR Ch'ing district, Kwangtung, China, 
Juno, i()20. Photograph (No. 1327) for the author. 

PLATK XX5CV, FicuRK 50. The Fei tsu hsiao (Fi tsz siu) or Imperial concu- 
bine's laugh. (One-half natural size.) Fruit from Pei Shan, Pan Yu district, 
Kwangtung, China, June, ic)2o. Photograph (No. 1325) for the author. 

PLATK XXXVI, Fh'.ukk 51. The Ch'u ma tsu (Chu ma tsz) or Chinese grass 
fil)er variety. (One-half natural size.) Fruit from Lo Kang, Kwangtung, 
('hina, June, 1920. Photograph (No. 1339) for the author. 

PLATK XXXVI, FicuRic 52. The Huai chih (Wai chi) lychce, as it appears on 
the Canton markets under the name of Hei yeh or Black-leaf. (About three- 
fourths natural size.) Canton, China, June, 1915. Photograph (No. 1135) 
for the author. 

PLATK XXXVII, FiGURK 53. The San yuch hung (Sam ut hung) or Third 
month red lychee. (About two-thirds natural size.) Canton, China, May, 
1915. Photograi)h (No. 1130) for the author. 

PLATK XXXVII, FiGURK 54. Fruit and leaves of the Shan chih (Shan chi) or 
Mountain lychee. (About one-third natural .size.) This is one of the wild 
forms found growing in Kwangtung. The fruit invariably contains large seeds, 
and the flesh, which is thin, is very sour. The seed germinates readily, if 
planted shortly after removal from the fruit, and the seedlings are vigorous. 
In Lo Kang and other regions this type is often used for stock on which to graft 
or inarch the No mi Is'z and other varieties. Tseng Ch'ing district, Kwang- 
tung, China. June 29, 1918. Photograph (No. 31331) by the author. 

PLATK XXXVIII, Figure 55. The Chuang yuan hung (Chong un hung) lychee, 
not a commercial variety but nevertheless t|uite popular. (Two-thirds natural 
size.) Fruit from Pei Shan, Pan Yu district, Kwangtung, China, June, 1920. 
Photograph (No. 1323) for the author. 

PLATK XXXIX, Figure 56. Magnificent specimen of a lungan tree near a 
tem[)le along the road extending from the East Catc of Tseng Ch'ing city to 
Liu Ts'un. This tree was variety Yau yen (Yau ngan) or Soft lungan. It 
was forty feet high with a s[)read of head of sixty feet. The trunk, breast 
high, had a diameter of two feet, eight inches and a circumference of eight feet. 
Liu Ts'un, Tseng Ch'ing district, Kwangtung, China, June 29, 1918. Photo- 
graph (No. 313 1 9) by the author. 

PLATK XXXIX, Figure 57. The fruiting head of a fine specimen of lungan 
tree. Tseng Ch'ing district, Kwangtung, China, June 29, 1918. Photograph 
(No. 31320) by the author. 

PLATK XL, Figure 58. Mr. Kwok Wa Shau, with jwtted lungan seedling four- 
teen months old. The tree is a U un (Wu yuan) or Black ball variety, com- 
monly used for stock. Ling Nan (Canton Christian College), Canton, China 
November, 1919. Photograph (No. 31547) for the author. 

PLATK XLI, FiGUKE 59. A fruiting cluster of the U un (Wu yuan) or Black ball 
lungan. (About two-iiflhs natural size.) This is the variety commonly used for 
stocJ<. The fruit is edible but inferior to other varieties. Fruit from Pan Yu dis- 
trict, Kwangtung, China, July, 1918. Photograph (No. 31302) for the author. 

PLATE XLI, Figure fio. A cluster of She p'i or Snake skin lungan. (About 
two-thirds natural size.) This is one of the largest of the lungan, and, like all 
other varieties, has large seeds. Shih Wei T'ang, near Canton, China, July, 
1918. Photograph (No. 31363) for the author. 



APPENDIX XI 

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

Page 7, footnote 3. For date and place of publication see page 28, footnote 2. 

Page 12. In a literal sense the words "Ling Nan" mean "South of the Range," 
a term used for Kwangtung and Kwangsi. According to Giles Chinese-English 
Dictionary "Ling" means a mountain range, and "Nan" means south. And 
according to the same author the range to which reference is made in the expression 
is the "Mei or Plum" range of mountains in the northeast of Kwangtung. 

Page 13. It is worth observing that Ts'ai Hsiang and Wu Ying K'uei did not 
agree in the use of the "wood" radical in writing the Chinese word representing 
the sound "chee." Ts'ai Hsiang always used the radical and in the frequent 
references to his "Li Chih P'u" in this work it has been incorrectly omitted. 

Page 16, footnote i. Various rubbings and copies of the Li Chih P'u by Ts'ai 
Hsiang have been in circulation but are now difficult to obtain. It has not only 
been reprinted in Ku Chin T'li Shu Chi Ch'eng (see page 18) but also in the Chih Wu 
Ming Shih T'u K'ao (see page 21 and No. 11, page 120). This monumental econo- 
mic botany of China contains no fewer than 17 14 excellent plates about 9^2 by 5^ 
inches, and each accompanied by a concise description of the plant figure. The 
historical part of the work gives a full account of 838 plants. A third edition was 
printed from the original blocks in iqiq by the Provincial Printing Office of 
Shansi at Taiyiianfu. A smaller reprint of this work, published in Western style 
and bound in two volumes with the English catch-title, "Readings in Chinese 
Plants," was issued in 1919 by Commercial Press, Ltd., of Shanghai. In this edi- 
tion the plates are 3^ by 2 inches. The Chinese stroke index to Chinese names 
of plants greatly facilitates ready reference. Six treatises on the lychee are re- 
printed in the Chih Wu Ming Shih T'u K'ao, including the original one by Ts'ai 
Hsiang. These are Nos. 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8 recorded in the bibliography, pages 119 
and 120, and a monograph, Chi Li Chih by Wu Tsai Ao, not included in the 
bibliography but cited on page 75, first paragraph and footnote one. 

Translations of these and other treatises by Mr. Hagerty and Mr. Ch'en may 
be secured by arrangement with the Library of the United States Department of 
Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 

Page 18, paragraph 2 and footnote 2a. According to Giles, the author's name 
is spelled "Chi Han"; but Bretschneider spells it "Ki Han." 

Page 20, line 4. Insert the name of Mr. Ch'en Tsing-hua after that of Mr. 
Michael J. Hagerty. 

Page 40. This synonomy of Euphoria longana, outlined by Karl Ludwig 
Blume (see page 129, No. 114), is subject to correction and revision. It includes 
some non-botanical names and is confusing. 

Page 68, paragraph 2. It should be noted that lychee grafted on the lungan 
in Hawaii has proved to be short lived. 

Page 88. Insert footnote 3 — Cheshire, F. D., in Plant Immigrants, Office 
Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction . . . (see Page 137, No. 188). 

Page 119, No. I. Ch'en T'ing's treatise will be found in Chao Tai Ts'ung Shu, 
section 48, Chia Chi, pages i-io. Lib. Cong. C338.5i(83). 

Page 119, No. 2. Ch'en Ting Kuo's treatise will be found in Chao Tai Ts'ung 
Shu, section 48, Keng Chi, pages 1-8. Lib. Cong. C338.5i(83). 

Page 119, No. 4. Lin Ssu Huan's treatise will be found in T'an Chi Ts'ung 
Shu, section 50, pages 1-5. Lib. Cong. C338.s(8o). 

171 



172 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



Page 1 20. To the nine standard works on the lychee listed here should be 
added the following three additional ones: 

Wu Tsai Ao, Chi Li Chih. See page 75, footnote i. 

T'u Pen Tsun, Li Chih P'u. See Bretschneider Botanicon Sinicum, 

i: 168. Preface only in the Imperial Encyclopedia. 
Huang Li Keng, Li Chih F'u. See Bretschneider Botanicon Sinicum, 
1: 168. Not found. 
Page 129, No. ii8a. Bretschneider, Emil Vasilievich, 1833-1901, Botanicon 
Sinicum I. Notes on Chinese Botany from Native and Western Sources in Joiu-nal 
of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 1881. New Series. 
Vol. XVI, Part i, Shanghai. Printed by Noronha & Sons, No. 12 Canton Road, 
1882, pages 167 and 168. 

Page 130, 1220. Cheshire, F. D., in Plant Immigrants (see 137, No. 188). 
Page 143. Note that the Cantonese names appear in the first column and 
the Mandarin in the second. 



POSTFACE 

This compilation of knowledge concerning the lychee and 
lungan is western in form but Chinese in spirit. Therefore it 
does not seem out of place to follow Chinese usage and to attach 
a postface. This gives the writer an opportunity to explain some 
things that would otherwise remain a mystery. 

The original body of the work and five appendices, pages 
I to 149, were printed on the College Press, Canton Christian 
College, Canton, China, where it was possible to insert Chinese 
characters. The work went to press about the time the writer 
was leaving for an extended trip to Siam, and consequently he 
had no opportunity to read the proof or to revise the work as it 
went through the press. Early in 1921 the unbound sheets were 
sent to the United States. 

There has been considerable advance in the scientific study 
of the lychee during recent months. Credit is due Dr. Frederick V. 
Coville for the discovery of mycorhizal fungi growing on the 
roots of lychee. Dr. Coville's article, well illustrated with draw- 
ings and microphotographs by Dr. Emil G. Arzberger, suggests 
the probability that an acid soil is essential for successful culture 
of the lychee. Chinese methods of propagating the lychee have 
never been highly satisfactory. Mr. Edward Goucher has finally 
worked out a most unusual process for rooting lychee cuttings 
that may not only revolutionize lychee propagation, but also 
that of other sub-tropical and tropical plants. Acknowledgment 
is due Mr. Goucher for his experiments and his explanation of 
the process as worked out with the lychee. Mr. Walter T. 
Swingle's statement of his observations on the Lack of Winter 
Dormancy and Low Zero Point of Growth of the Lychee 
should prove helpful in the culture of the lychee in Florida. 
Mr. Swingle also suggests the possibilities of the lychee as 
an attractive greenhouse plant. This is also the conviction 
of a number of observers who have seen the lychee in its 
native home. 

Mr. Michael J. Hagerty's clear translation, recording the 

173 



174 THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 

organization of a Lychee Club as early as the Ming dynasty, will 
prove of unusual interest. 

The additional material, pages 151 to 188, and all the illus- 
trations were printed at the Mount Pleasant Press, J. Horace 
McFarland Company, Harrisburg, Pa., in June, 1921. A 
portion of the edition will be bound in the United States, but 
copies for distribution in the Orient will be assembled and bound 
in China. 

We are only on the threshold of an understanding of this 
interesting and valuable fruit. A scientific lychee culture is essen- 
tial to China and is of interest to the West. The industry should 
be systematically developed in China and foreign markets 
created for the canned and dried products. It is the writer's hope 
that in the near future the Chinese will work out the scientific 
phases of lychee culture as well as they have the historical and 
literary lore of this most highly prized fruit. 

G. Weidman Groff. 
Washington, D. C, U. S. A. 
June 22, 1921. 



ERRATA 

Page lo, paragraph 3. For No Mi Chih read No mi ts'z. 

Page 16, footnote i. For future lime read past time. 

Page 17, footnote i. Cancel Emit Vasilievick. 

Page 18, paragraph 2, line 3. Cancel the. 

Page 18, footnote 2a, line i. For bear read bearing. 

Page 18, footnote 26, last line. For 47 read 54. 

Page 37, line 3. Cancel Laetji chinensis Osb. Itin. (1765) from the synonomy. Osbeck 
in his Dagbok. ofwer en Ostindisk Resa . . . (1757), translated into the German in 1765 and 
from the German into English in 1771, refers to the lychee as from China but does not give 
a Latin name as he does in the case of other plants he recorded. This name is therefore 
not a valid synonym. 

Page 45, paragraph 2. For sagilaria read sagittaria. 

Page 50, paragraph 2. For No mi chih read No mi ts'z. 

Page 52, paragraph 2. For Sin T'ang read Hsin T'ang. 

Page S3, paragraph i. Same correction as page 50, paragraph 2. 

Page 58, paragraph 2, line 3. For trees therefore read trees are therefore. 

Page 59, paragraph i, line 8. For fifteen wide rend fifteen feet wide. 

Page 59, paragraph 2, line 2. For is read in. 

Page 61, paragraph i, line r. For maintain the read maintain that the. 

Page 61, paragraph 2, last line. Cancel (fig. 40). 

Page 64, paragraph 2, line 3. Cancel q2. 

Page 66, paragraph r, line 5. For No mi chih read No mi ts'z. 

Page 66, paragraph i, last hne. For (fig. 18) read (fig. ^8). 

Page 67, paragraph i, line 7. Cancel 92. 

Page 67, paragraph 2, line 3. For No mi chih read No mi ts'z. 

Page 8s, paragraph 2, line 9. For (fig. 47) read (fig. 41). 

Page 88, paragraph 2, line i. For Sung Yu read Sung Chio. 

Page 93, paragraph 2, line 12. For these read there. 

Page 95, paragraph i, line 4. For rhinocerous read rhinoceros. 

Page 96, line 2 1 . For Shang kou huai read Shang shou huai. 

Page 98, paragraph 2, line 4. For (fig. 95) read (fig. fj). 

Page 100. Brackets should not extend below "Weight of rag (oz)." 

To secure the total of 16 ounces to the pound of fruit add only weight of seeds, flesh, 
skin, leaves and stem. The weight of rag is included in the weight of flesh. 

In the "No mi ts'z" column across from "Weight of rag" some error occurs in the state- 
ment "6 ^2." It should probably be " i >^" but could not be verified at time of correction. 

Page 107. Title at the top of page. For The Lychee read The Lungan. 

Pages 108 and 109. Subject to the same explanation and correction as recorded under 
pages loo and loi. 

Some error exists in the case of the weights recorded under "Hei ho shih hsia" lungan 
as the total of seeds, flesh, skin, leaves and stem is 15 instead of 16 ounces. No change 
can be made as original records were not available at time of correction. 

Page 116, paragraph i, line i. Cancel and. 

Page 1 19, No. 4. For Li Chih P'u read Li Chih Hua. 



175 



INDEX 



Acid-soil, 151, 152, 167, PI. XX. 
Adoretus convexus Burm., insect enemy, 

^^' 
Adoretus tenuimaculatus, insect enemy, 

85. 
Africa, 34. 

Ai chih, Chinese term for inarching, 67. 
Air-layering, 9, 10, 49, S3, 64-67, 91, 

117, 168, PI. XXVII. 
Alapag, Philippine lychee relative, 26, 

41. 
Algae, 86. 

American literature, 23-31, 
Amory, Charles, Florida grower, 112. 
Analytical table, lychee varieties, 100, 

101 ; lungan varieties, 108, 109. 
A neung hat, variety of lychee, 50, 99, 

143- 
Annals, 

Fukien, 121, 122; cited, 88. 

Kwangsi, 122. 

Kwangtung, 122-126; cited, 88. 

Kweichow, 122 

Szechwan, 122. 
Anomala varicolor Gyll., insect enemy, 

83. 

Archips postvittanus, insect enemy, 85, 
86. 

Arzberger, Dr. Emil G., acknowledg- 
ment drawings and microphotographs 
by, 152, 167, PI. XXII, 168, PI. 
XXXIII, 173. 

Ashon, John, importer of lychee, 113. 

Autoserica nigrorubra Busk., insect 
enemy, 83. 

Baillon, Henry Ernest, cited, 23 

Bamboo, 52. 

Banana, 58. 

Baskets, marketing, 166, PI. XII, 168, 

PI. XXVII. 
Bats, 63, 82, 86, 166, PI. XV, PI. XVI. 
Bedana, Indian variety of lychee, 102. 
Bengal, in. 
Bibliography — 

Chinese references, 119-126, 171, 172, 

Western references, 127-141. 
Big bull, variety of lychee, 144. 
Black ball, variety of lungan, no, 145, 

170, Pis. XL, XLI. 



Black leaf, variety of lychee, 95, 143 
170, PI. XXXV. 

Black seed stone gorge, variety of lun- 
gan, 145. 

Blasdale, Walter C, quoted, 149. 

Blume, Karl Ludwig, cited, 40, 171. 

Bonavia, Dr., quoted, 118. 

Borer, tree, 85, 169, PI. XXXII. 

Borneo, 69. 

Botany, 32-43. 
lychee, 37-39 
lungan, 40-42 

Boym, Michel, cited, 25. 

Bretschneider, E. V., cited, 17, 19, 171, 
172; quoted, 18. 

Brewster, Rev. W. N., importer of 
lychee, 112. 

Buddhism, 93, 94. 

Budding, 10, 68. 

Burma, 39. 

Bursts the throat, variety of lychee, 143. 

By-Laws, Lychee Club, 162, 163. 

Calcutta, m. 

California, 6, 8, 57, 72, 112, 114, 118. 
Cambell, George, quoted, 57. 
Cambell, George Joseph, cited, 26. 
Campbell, Rev. Wm., quoted, 77. 
Canal mud, use of, 105. 
Canals, 48, 52. 
Canariuniy 50, 52. 

album (Lour.) Raench, 50. 

pime/a, Koen, 50. 
Candolle, Alphonse, cited, 29, 30. 
Canned lychee and lungan, 5, 75, 80, 

no. 
Canton — 

city, 46, 47, 48, 89. 

climate, 54, 55, 142, 153-155. 

climate compared with Florida, 153, 

delta, 45, 46, 54, 56, 59, 60, 165, PI. 

VIII. 
Kowloon Railway, 49, 51, 52. 
latitude, 153. 
location, 48, 153. 
markets, 71, 89, 92, 99. 
public fruit park, 47, 48. 
restaurants, 75. 
weather, 54, 55, 142, 1 53-155- 



176 



INDEX 



177 



Canton Christian College, i, 12, 21, 46, 
82, 83, 85, 1 13, 153, 165, Pis. VIII, IX, 
XI, 166, Pis. XII, XIII, XIV, 169, 
Pis. XXXI, 170, PL XL. 

Cantonese, 89. 

Capnodium, fungus, 86, 

Carambola, 48. 

Carter, Humphrey G., cited, 60. 

Castanopsis mollisima, Bl., 50. 

Chafers, leaf, 83. 

Ch'ang An, transportation of lychee to, 

Changchow, prefecture in Fukien, 88. 
Ch'ang pau hau, variety of lychee, 99, 

Ch'an Ts'un, village, 95. 

Ch'an tsz, variety of lychee, 102, 164, 
PI. I. 

Ch'au p'i tan, insect enemy, 82. 

C/iau shiti yuk, variety of lychee, 143. 

Check, Ching, first introduction into 
Hawaii, 112. 

Chemical analysis, lychee, 80, 81, 149. 

Chen family purple, class of lychee, 88, 
164, PI. I. 

Cheng Hsiung, cited, 88. 

Cheng pao hou, variety of lychee, 99, 143. 

Ch'eng T'ang, Emperor, B. C. 1766, 17. 

Ch'en T'ing, Li Chih P'u, 119, 171. 

Ch'en Ting Kwo, Li Chih P'u, 119, 171. 

Ch'en Ts'ing-hua, assistance acknowl- 
edged, 160, 171. 

Ch'en Ts'un, village, 95. 

Ch'en tzu, variety of lychee, 102, 164, 
PI. L 

Cheshire, F. D., cited, 88, 171, 172. 

Cheung Lok, 56. 

Chia huai, variety of lychee, 99, 143. 

Chiang chun It, variety of lychee, 50, 144. 

Chiao T'ang Sz, lychee region, 49, 65, 
104. 

Chia Ssu Hsieh, cited, 19. 

Chi Han, cited, 62, 171. 

Chih Kang, lungan region, 104. 

Ch'ik Kong, lungan region, 104. 

Child's fist, variety of lychee, 144. 

Chih Wu Ming Shih T'u K'ao, citfed, 21, 

^71-. 
Chi Li Chih by Wu Tsao Ao, cited, 75, 

172, 
China, Indian variety of lychee, 102. 
China grass fiber, variety of lychee, 97, 

143, 170, PI. XXXVI. 



Chinese — 

air-layering, 10, 49, 53, 64-67, 91, 117, 

168, PI. XXVII. 
bibliography, 1 19-126. 
Collection in Library of Congress, 23, 

22, 164. 
descriptive terms, 90, 91. 
gardeners, 65, 66, 
Imperial Encyclopedia, 160, 164, PI. 

IV. 
literature, 16-22, 104. 
nurserymen, 2, 65, 167, Pis. XVIII, 

XIX. 
nut, 5, 32. 
officials, 7. 
poets, 7, 16, 19, 116. 
treatises on the lychee by — 

Ch'en T'ing, Li Chih P'u, 119, 

171- . 
Ch'en Ting Kwo, Li Chih P'u, 119, 

^71- 
Cheng Hsiung, title not known 

cited, 88. 
Hsu P'o, Li Chih P'u, 119; quoted, 

56,68,75,114. 
Huang Li Keng, Li Chih P'u, 172. 
Lin Ssu Huan, Li Chih Hua, 119, 

^71- 
Sung Chio, Li Chih P'u, 119; cited, 
20, 56, 66, 88; translated in part, 
160-163. 
Tang Tao Hsieh, Li Chih P'u, 119; 

cited, 60, 61, 67. 
Ts'ai Hsiang, Li Chih P'u, 2, 11, 
120, 164, PI. Ill, PI. IV, 171; 
cited, 16, 17, 20, 62, 63, 66; 
quoted, 56, 72, 88, 115. 
Ts'ao Fan, Li Chih P'u, 120. 
T'u Pen Tsun, Li Chih P'u, 172. 
Wu Tsao Ao, Chi Li Chih, 75; 

cited, 75, 172. 
Wu Ying K'uei, Ling Nan Li Chih 
P'u, 120; quoted, 2, ii; cited, 13, 
I7» 3i> 87, 88, 106, 107, 171; list 
of Kwangtung varieties, I46-148. 
writers, 7, 22, 82, 87, 116, 117. 
Chinfeng It, variety of lychee, I44, 
Ch'ing p'i, variety of lychee, 144. 
Ch'i Nu, pseudonym for Shih Ch'ung, 

161. 
Ch'i yueh shou, variety of lychee, 144. 
Chong un hung, variety of lychee, 99, 
143, 170, PI. XXXVIII. 



178 



THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



Ch' o«p'//«w, insect enemy, 82. 
Chou Shao Yu, variety of lychee, 143. 
Chuanchow, prefecture of Fukien, 88. 
Chuangyuan hung, variety of lychee, 99, 

143, 170, PL XXXVIII. 
CKu ma tsu, variety of lychee, 97, I43, 

170, PI. xxxyi. 

Chu ma tsz, variety of lychee, 97, I43, 

i7o,Pl.XXXVI. 
Chung-hsiang Kung, Ts'ai Hsiang's 

canonization title, 164. 
Chun-mo, Ts'ai Hsiang's literary name, 

164, 
Cienfuegos, Cuba, latitude compared, 

154. 
Cinnamon flavor, variety of lychee, 93, 

.143- 
Citrus, 48, 65. 
Citrus aurantifolia, (Christm.) Swing., 

156. 
Climate — 

adapted to lychee and lungan, 54-57. 

Canton compared with Florida, 153, 

155- 
Seharanpur, 56. 

Cloth bag, variety of lychee, 143. 

Club, Lychee, 160-163. 

Cochin China, 44, 87. 

Cockroach, variety of lychee, 143. 

Cocoanut palms, 153, 154. 

Cold, ill effects, 55, 56, 114, 115; protec- 
tion, 60, 61; resistance, lungan, 58, 
103. 

Cole, W. B., quoted, 105, 106, 107. 

Collins, G. N., quoted, in. 

Color, lychee, 100, loi ; lungan, 108, 109. 

Commerce, 7, 12, 71. 

Cook, O. F., quoted, in. 

Corsa, W. P., cited, 30. 

Coville, Frederick V., acknowledg- 
ment, 173; contribution by, 151; 
reference to work of, 1 56. 

Crisp meat lungan, variety name, 145. 

Crop watchers, 46, 165, PI. XL 

Cryptophlebia illepida^ insect enemy, 85. 

Crystal quartz ball, variety of lychee, 
144. 

Cuba, 72, 113. 

Culture, 58-63. 
dyke, 58, 117. 
greenhouse, 156. 
hill type of lychee, 49, 50. 
in Florida, 153. 



Culture — 

lychee, 48-50, 114, 116, 117. 

methods, lungan, 104-106. 

raised-bed, 59, 117. 

upland, 59, 117, 167, PI. XVII. 

water type of lychee, 48, 49. 
Cuttings, ID, 157-159. 

Dapper, Olfert, cited, 25, 26. 

Dehiscent fruits, 35. 

Dehra Dun, India, 56. 

Delta, Canton, 45, 46, 54, 56, 59, 60, 

165, PI. VIII; Pearl river, 58. 
Description — 

lychee, 37, 38, 39. 

lungan, 41, 42, 103. 

terms, 90, 91. 
Dews, value of, 60. 
Dimocarpus, 8, 28, 29. 
Diospyros kaki L., 50. 
Diseases, 82, 114, 117. 
Dishes, lychee, 75. 
Distance for planting, 58, 59. 
Ditches, 48. 

Door-yard tree, lungan, 104. 
Don, George A., cited, 23- 
Dragon eye, 5, 15, 103. 
Dried, 5, 50. 

lychee, 75, 76, 78, 79. 

lungan, 77. 
Drought resistance, 11, 69. 
Dudhia, Indian variety of lychee, 102. 
DuHalde, J. B., cited, 26. 
Duncan, K., acknowledgment, 3. 
Dykes, 45, 48, 58, 165, Pis. VI, VII, 

VIII, IX, X, XL 

Early lychee, variety name, 144. 

Early rice, variety of lungan, 145. 

East Indies, 6, 29, 32. 

East river, 45, 52. 

Edwards' Botanical Register, cited, 29. 

Enemies, 9, 82-86. 

England, 29, in. 

Eriophyes, lychee leaf galls, 84, 85, 164, 

PI. V. 
Euphoria, 6, 32, 69, 70. 

cinerea, Radlk., n, 26, 34, 41, 70, 164, 
PI. V. 

longana. Lam., 5, 34, 41, 70, 171. 
Europe, in, 116, 117. 
European literature, 23-31. 
Exchange, influence of, 74. 



INDEX 



179 



Experiments, lychee, 69; needed, 11, 
116; rooting lychee cuttings, 157, 
158; soil, 151. 

Exports, 50, 52. 

Fa hok, variety of lungan, 73, 106, 108, 

no, 145. 
Fairchild, David, acknowledgment, 2. 
False ivai, variety of lychee, 143. 
Fang huangch'iu, variety of lychee, I43. 
Fang Kang, place in Fukien, 61. 
Fang Tsu-tao, friend of Sung Chio, 160. 
Fang Yung, lychee nursery village, 52, 

53, 65, 167, PL XVIII, PI. XIX, 168, 

PI. XXVII, 169, PI. XXVIII. 
Fat meat ball, variety of lungan, I45. 
Fei tsu hsiao, variety of lychee, 95, 96, 

143, 170, PI. XXXV. 
Feng li, chestnut, 50. 
Feng wan, Chinese synonym for lychee. 

Fertilizing, 61, 105, 106, 117, 168, PI. 

XXV, PI. XXVI. 
Firecrackers, use of, 85, 169, PI. XXXII. 
Fish, 45, 165, PI. VIII. 
H tsz sill, variety of lychee. 95, 96, 143, 

170, PI. XXXV. 
Flavor, lychee, 91, 100, loi, in, 156; 

lungan, 108, 109. 
Flesh, lychee, 90. 

Fletcher, S. W., acknowledgment, 2. 
Florida, 6, 8, 30, 57, 60, 72, 113, 114, 

118, 153; weather compared, 155, 156. 
Flower skin, variety of lungan, 1 10, 145. 
Flush of lychee, 54, 153. 
Flying riders, tribute bearers, 87. 
Foochow, prefecture of Fukien, 72, 88, 

107. 
Food value, 80. 
Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, 

Office of, 2, 8. 
Foreign trade, 79. 
Form, lychee, 90, 100, loi; lungan, 108, 

109. 
Formosa, 39, 44, 77. 
Fortune, Robert, quoted, 29. 
Foster, I. L., acknowledgment, 2. 
Fragrance, lychee, 9 1 . 
Fragrant variety of lychee, 93, I43, 169, 

PI. XXX. 
France, in. 
Freeman Meteorological Observatory, 

153- 



Freeze, 54, 56, 57. 

Frost resistance, lychee, 11, 30, 54, 56, 

57, 69, 82; lungan, 54, 56, 57. 
Frost protection, 114. 
Fruit park. Canton, 47, 116. 
Fruit worm, 85. 
Fuchow, 56. 
Fukien, province, 11, 32, 44, 68, 87, 88, 

96, 104, 116. 
Fung Chung, lychee nursery village, 52, 

53, 65, 167, Pis. XVIII, XIX, 168, 

PI. XXVII, 169, PI. XXVIII. 
Fungicides, 82. 
Fungi, 86. 
Fungi, mycorhizal, 152, 167, Pis. XXI, 

XXII, 168, PI. XXIII. 
Fung Kong, in Fukien, 61. 
Fung lut, chestnut, 50. 
Fung wong k'au, variety of lychee, I43. 

Galls, leaf, 84, 85. 

Gardeners, Chinese, 65, 66. 

Gazetteers, see Annals. 

General's lychee, variety name, 144. 

Georgeson, C. C, cited, 30. 

Glutinous rice, variety of lychee, 91, 99, 

100, 143, 169, Pis. XXX, XXXIII. 
Glutinous rice ball, variety of lychee, 

143- 
Gonzalez de Mendoza, Juan, quoted, 23. 
"Gootee" layering, 10, 64. 
Goucher, Edward, acknowledgment, 

173; contribution by, 157-159. 
Gracey, Samuel L., shipment received 

from, 113. 
Grafting, 10, 49, 50, 68, 106, 157, 171. 
Grave land, use of, 83. 
Greenhouse culture, lychee, 156, 173. 
Green skin, variety of lychee, 144. 
Grosier, J. B. G. A., quoted, 27, 28. 
Group, lychee, 34-36, 69. 
Guam, 113. 
Guava, 48, 58, 59, 156. 

Habitat, lychee, 1 1,39, 54; lungan, 42,54. 

Ha chi, Chinese season, 95. 

Hadley, E. D., California grower, 112. 

Hagerty, Michael J., translations ac- 
knowledged, 2, 17, 20, 171, 173; 
translation by, 160-163. 

Hainan, 19, 39, 44. 

Hak hat shek hap, variety of lungan, 108, 
145. 



180 



THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



Hak ip, variety of lychee, 64, 73, 89, 95, 
97, 100, loi, 143, 170, PI. XXXV. 

Hanging green, variety of lychee, 50, 
92, 143, 166, PI. XVI. 

Han Wu Ti, Emperor, reference to, 87. 

Han Yen Chih, monograph on orange, 
16. 

Harvesting, 63. 

Havana, Cuba, compared with Canton, 

153- 
Hawaii, 6, 31, 67, 68, 70, 72, 85, 112, 

117, 118. 
Hei ho shih hsia, variety of lungan, 108, 

145. 
Hei y eh, variety of lychee, 64, 73, 89, 95, 

97, loi, 143, 170, PI. XXXV. 
Henry, Alfred J., cited, 155. 
Henry, Augustine, quoted, 7. 
Henry, B. C, cited, 94. 
Heung lai, variety of lychee, 93, 143, 

169, PI. XXX. 
Heungshan, district in Kwangtung, 98. 
Hiern, W. P., cited, 43. 
Higgins, J. E., 10, ii; cited, 15,31,64, 

67, 75, 85, 86, I02; quoted, 68, 72, 84, 

85, 112; shipment received from, 113. 
Hill lychee, 52. 

Hill type of lychee culture, 49, 50. 
Hinghwa, prefecture of Fukien, 88, 105. 
Hit and kill the cow, variety of lychee, 

144. 
Ho Hung, P'ing, acknowledgment, 2, 21. 
Holotrichia plumbea planicollis Burm., 

Honam, island opposite Canton, 48, 1 64, 

Pis. II, X, 168, PI. XXVI. 
Honan. See Honam. 
Hongkong, 39; climate, 154. 
Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton, cited, ;i2>- 
Hoplostermus chinensis Guer., insect 

enemy, 83. 
Ho Ti, proclamation of, 18. 
Howard, C. W., 85; quoted, 82, 83. 
Howard, L. O., cited, 84. 
Hsia chih, Chinese season, 95. 
Hsiang li, variety of lychee, 93, 94, 143, 

169, PI. XXX. 
Hsiao erh ch'uan, variety of lychee, 144. 
Hsi chio tsu, variety of lychee, 53 

94, 95, 143, 167, PI. XIX, 169, PI. 

XXXIV. 
Hsinghwa, Fukien, latitude, 153; lychee 

region, 1 1. 



Hsu P'o, Li Chih P'u, 119; quoted, 56, 

68,75,114. 
Huai chih, variety of lychee, 46, 51, 64, 

66, 73, 79, 89, 92, 96, 97, 98, loi, 144, 

165, PL XI, 166, PI. XII, 167, PI. 

XVII, 170, PI. XXXVI. 
Hua kioh, variety of lungan, 73, 106, 

108, no, 145. 
Huang ch'ung, insect enemy, 83. 
Huang Li Keng, Li Chih P'u, 172. 
Huang Tsun Keng, acknowledgment, 

55- 
Hua Ti Gardens, 169, PL XXIX. 
Hui Tsung, Sung Emperor, 164. 
Humidity, 55, 66, 64. 
Humidity, high for rooting lychee, 157, 

158. 
Hug shan, variety of lychee, 162. 
Hu pi (tiger skin), class of lychee, 88. 
Hybridization, 6, 11, 41, 42. 

I chih, Chinese synonym of lungan, 104. 
Imperial cuncubine's laugh, variety of 

lychee, 95, 143, 170, PL XXXV. 
Inarching, 10, 67, 106, 157. 
Indehiscent fruits, 34, 35. 
India, 6, 31, 32, 54, 56, 81, 1 11. 
Indian varieties, 102. 
Irrigation, 59. 

Insect enemies, 82-86, 1 14, 117. 
Insecticides, Chinese use of, 82. 
Insect protection, 62, 63. 
Insects, chicken food, 83. 
Intercropping, 58, 59. 
Introductions to — 

Bengal, in. 

Burma, 39. 

California, 6, 112, 118. 

Cuba, 113. 

East Indies, in. 

England, 29, in. 

Europe, III, 116, 117. 

Florida, 6, 30, 113, 118. 

France, in. 

Guam, 1 13. 

Hawaii, 6, 31, 112, 117, 118. 

India, 6, 31, in. 

Isle of Pines, 113. 

Other lands,i, 7, 8, n. 

Panama, 6, 1 13. 

Porto Rico, in, 113. 

Trinidad, 1 13. 

United States, 112, 113, 117, n8. 



INDEX 



181 



Introductions to — 

Western Hemisphere, 32. 

West Indies, 6, 1 1 1, 117, 118. 
Isle of Pines, 1 13. 
I Yin, cited, 17. 

Jade ice, variety of lychee, 144. 
Jade-purse, variety of lychee, 144. 
Java, 6. 

Jones, J., interest in Dominico, 112. 
Jonstonus, Johannes, cited, 25. 
Josselyn, Vice Consul, quoted, 81. 
Juice, lychee, 100, loi; lungan, 108, 
109. 

Kao yuan, variety of lungan, 73, 109, 
110,145. 

Kat tsat chi, variety of lychee, 143. 

Kau T'ong Sz, lychee region, 49, 65, 104. 

Ka waiy variety of lychee, 99, 143. 

Ka Ying, in Kwangtung, 57. 

Kenny, Consul, quoted, 77. 

Kew Royal Gardens Bulletin, quota- 
tion, 77. _ 

Ko un, variety of lungan, 73, 109, no, 

145. 
Kua lu, variety of lychee, 50, 51, 92, 94, 

143, 166, PI. XVI. 
Kuang Yu, cited, 17. 
Ku Chin T'u Shu Chi Ch'eng, cited, 18, 

19,20,171. 
Kuei wei, variety of lychee, 50, 73, 89, 

92, 93, 94, 97, 100, 143- 
Kuo Hua Ssin, acknowledgment, 2. 
Kuo Sheng-tai, friend of Sung Chio, 160. 
Kwai mi, variety of lychee, 50, 73, 89, 

92, 93, 97, 100, 143. 
Kwa luk, variety of lychee, 50, 51, 92, 

143, 166, PI. XVI. 
Kwangsi, province, 44. 
Kwangtung, province, li, 32, 44, 52, 

58, 59, 63, 87, 88, 89, 94, 95, 96, 98, 

104, 106, 116. 
Kwangtung, varieties of lychee, 143- 

I44; varieties of lungan, 145. 
Kwangtung Agricultural Experiment 

Station, cited, 54, 55. 
Kwok Wa Sau, acknowledgment, 2. 

Labor, in China, 63, 77, 82. 

Lai Chi Wan, public fruit park, 47, 48, 

165, PI. VII, 166, PL XV. 
Lake Worth, Florida, compared, 153. 



Lamarack, Jean Baptiste, cited, 41. 

Lap Ts'au, Chinese 8th month, 106. 

Large crop, variety of lychee, 97, 144. 

Large purse, variety of lychee, 144. 

Larva, of moth in stem and fruit, 85. 

Layering, 10, 53, 64. 

Layered stock, 60. 

Leaf chafers, 83. 

Leaf galls, 84, 85, 164, PI. V. 

Legends, 22. 

Lemon, 57. 

Library of Congress, collection of 

Chinese works, 2, 3, 22, 164. 
Library of United States Department 

of Agriculture, 164; arrangement for 

translations and references, 160. 
Li Ch'eng Lan, acknowledgment, 2. 
Lichens, 86, 167, PI XIX, 169, PI 

XXXIII. 
Li Chiao, lychee region, 49, 96. 
Li Chih Hua by Lin Ssu Huan, 119, 171. 
Li Chih P'u. See Chinese treatises. 
Li Chih Wan, public fruit park, 47, 48, 

165, PI. VII, 166, PI. XV. 
Lien She, lotus club, 161. 
Lik Kau, lychee region, 49, 86 
Ling Nan, 11, 12,46,47,64,87, 104, 162, 

171; lychee, 46; lychee centers, 47-53 
Ling Nan Li Chih P'u by Wu Ying 

K'uei, 120; cited, 13, 17, 31, 87, 88, 

107, 171; list of Kwangtung varieties, 

146-148; quoted, 211. 
Lin Ssu Huan, Li Chih Hua, 119, 171. 
Liquid manure, 61, 168 Pis. XXV, 

XXVI. 
Li Shih Cheng, cited, 104. 
Litchi, 6, 32. 

ckinensis Sonn. See Lychee. 5, 27, 

34. 

philippinensis, Radlk., 1 1, 34, 69, 164, 
PI. V. 
Literature, 16; Chinese, 16-22, 104; 

European and American, 23-31. 
Li Tsiu, Chinese 8th month, 106. 
Liu tsu, last patriarch of Buddhist 

Church in China, 93. 
Liu tsu fa t'ong, temple, 93. 
Liu yueh pao, variety of lungan, 145. 
Location of Canton, 48, 1 53. 
Lo Fau, famous mountain in South 

China, 19, 51. 
Lo F'eng Ssu, temple, 50. 
Lo Fou. See Lo Fau. 



182 



THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



Lo Fung Tsz, temple, 50. 

Lo Kang Hsu, market town, 50. 

Lo Kang Tung, lychee region, 49, 50, 59, 

91, 93, 97, 99, 166, PI. XV, 169, Pis. 

XXX, XXXIII, 170, PI. XXXVI. 
Lo Kong Hu, see Lo Kang Hsu. 
Lo Kong Tung, see Lo Kang Tung. 
Lok t'ong p'o, variety of lychee, 143. 
Longan. See lungan. 
Lo t'angp'u, variety of lychee, 143. 
Lo-ts'uen, native village of Liu tsu, 94. 
Lotus, 45. 

Lotus club, reference to, 161. 
Low land regions for lychee and lungan, 

104, 105. 
Low zero point of growth, lychee, 153, 

155,156. 
Lu Hwei-neng, Liu tsu s real name, 94. 
Luk Po Sz, lychee region, 49. 
Luk tso, last patriarch of Buddhist 

Church in China, 93. 
Luk tso fat t'ong, temple, 93. 
Luk ut pau, variety of lungan, 145. 
Lungan, 5, 3:^, 50, 103-110, 170, PI. 
XXXIX. 

analysis, I49. 

avenue tree, 104. 

botany, 40, 41. 

cold resistance, 58. 

color, 108, 109. 

cultural methods, 104-106. 

description, 41-43, 103. 

door-yard tree, 104. 

dragon eye, 15. 

dried, 77. 

flavor, 108, 109. 

form, 108, 109. 

frost resistance, 54, 56, 57. 

habitat, 42, 54. 

juice, 108, 109. 

market prices, 73. 

orchards, 58. 

origin of name, 15. 

other names, 15. 

pronunciation, 15. 

pulp, 78. 

seeds, 108, 109. 

spelling, 15. 

stock, for lychee, 67. 

surface texture, 108, 109. 

synonomy, 4.0, 41, 171. 

time of fruiting, 106, 108, 109. 

yield, 106. 



Lungly, 42. 

Lun T'au, lychee region, 49, 96. 

Lun T'ou, see Lun T'au, 

Lu Pu Sz, 49. 

Luzon, 69. 

Lychee, 1,33, 103. 

acid-soil, 151, 152, 167, PI. XX. 

age, 60. 

botany, 37, 39. 

chemical analysis, 80, 81, 149. 

club, 160, 163. 

color, 100, loi. 

culture, 48-50, 1 14, 116, 117. 

cuttings, 10, 157, 158. 

description, 37-39. 

dishes, 75. 

dried, 75, 78, 79. 

experiments, 69, 157, 158. 

flavor, 91, 100, loi, III, 156. 

flesh, 90. 

flush, 153. 

form, 90, 100, loi. 

fragrance, 91. 

frost resistance, n, 30, 54, 56, 57,69, 
82. 

fruit park, 47, 116. 

fruit worm, 85. 

greenhouse culture, 156, 173. 

group, 34-36, 69. 

habitat, 39, 54. 

hill types, 52. 

juice, 100, loi. 

leaf chafers, 83. 

leaf galls, 84, 85, 164, PI. V. 

legends, 22. 
. low zero point of growth, 153, 155, 
156. 

lungan, 73. 

market prices, 72, 73, 79. 

monographs (See Li Chih P'u), 16, 21, 
119, 120. 

mycorhizal plant, 151, 152. 

national fame, 51. 

nurseries, 52, 53, 167, PI. XVIII. 

nut, 5, 32. 

orchards, 48, 49, 52, 58. 

origin of name, 13. 

ornamental, 66. 

painting, 164, PI. I. 

Philippine wild, 69. 

potted lychee, 66, 169, PI. XXIX. 

pronunciation, 13, 14. 

propagating-case, 158. 



INDEX 



183 



Lychee — 

propagation, 9-11, 49, 50, 53, 64, 91, 
106, 116, 117. 

protection, 57, 60-64, ii4> 'S^, 166, 
PI. XV. 

seeds, 91, 100, loi. 

size of tree, 66. 
" slave, the lungan, 160. 

spelling, 15. 

surface texture, 100, 101. 

synonomy, 37. 

texture, 90. 

time of fruiting, 100, loi. 

transportation, 72. 

tree borer, 85. 

tribute, 71. 

varieties, 87-102. 

village nursery, 53. 

water-loving plant, 9, 64, 69, 88, 89, 

95, 117- 
wine, 75, 91, 160. 
winter dormancy, 153, 155. 
writing of characters, 13, 14. 
yield, 166, PI. XIV. 

Ma ch'iao ch'un, variety of lychee, 99, 

I43-. 
Macmillan, Hugh F., quoted, 1 1 1. 
Mai kwai, variety of lychee, 99, 143. 
Malay Peninsula, 6, 34. 
Mango, 53, 57, 167, PI. XVIII. 
Manning, Robert, quoted, 8. 
Manuring, 61. 
Markets, 48, 87, 168. 

Canton, 71, 89, 92, 99. 

prices, lychee, 72, 73, 79. 
Marketing, 71; baskets, 166, PI. XII, 

168, PI. XXVII. 
Martinio, Martino, quoted, 24. 
Massachusetts Horticultural Society, 30. 
Ma tseuk ch'un, variety of lychee, 99, 

143- 

Ma Un, village, 98. 

Ma Yuen, village, 98. 

Mclean, Indian variety of lychee, 102. 

Meade, Theodore L., Florida grower, 
112; cited, 57. 

Medicinal value, 7, 75, 117. 

Mediterranean fruit fly, lychee im- 
munity, 86. 

Met, Prunus mume, S. & Z., 50; Range 
of Mountains, 171. 

Mei She, Plum Blossom Club, 161. 



Meliona, 86. 

Meteorological records, Canton, 1 53, 1 54. 

Methods of planting, 60. 

Meyer, Frank M., shipment received 

from, 113. 
Micropenis, 86. 

Mi kueiy variety of lychee, 99, 143. 
Min-hao, region in Fukien, 161. 
Miquel, F. A. W., cited, 33. 
Mites, 84, 85. 

Mok Fai T'ong, acknowledgment, 72. 
Mo Hui T'ang, see Mok Fai T'ong, 
Monographs. See Chinese treatises. 
Montiero de Carvalho, Jose, cited, 7, 28. 
Most round lungan, variety name, 145. 
Mother's shoe, variety of lychee, 143. 
Moth larva, 85. 
Mountain lychee, variety name, 9, 39, 

50, 54, 64, 67, 68, 69, 88, 89, 91, 98, 99, 

117, 143, 170, PI. XXXVII. 
Mountainous lychee country, 49. 
Mozufferpore, 60. 
Mud, river beds, use of, 60. 
"Mui," Prunus mume, S. & Z., 50. 
Mulching, 61. 
Muzaffarpur seedless, Indian variety of 

lychee, 102. 
Mycorhizal fungi, 152, 167, Pis. XXI, 

XXII, 168, PI. XXIII. 
Mycorhizal plant, the lychee, 151, 152. 

Nam Hoi, district in Kwangtung, 21, 47, 

48, 87, no. 
Nam Kong, lychee region, 49, 165, PI. 

VI. 
Nan Fang Ts'ao Chuang, cited, 18. 
Nan Hai, see Nam Hoi, 
Nan Kang, see Nam Kong, 
Nan Yueh, 17. 

National fame, the lychee, 51. 
Nepheliea, 6, 32, 33, 34. 
Nephelium, 6, 29, 30, 33. 

lappaceum Linn., 6, 35, 43. 

mutabile Blume, 6, 35, 43. 
New Zealand, 34. 
Night soil, 61, 105, 106, 168, Pis. XXV, 

XXVI. 
No mai t'sz, variety of lychee, 10, 50, 

53, 66, 67, 73, 79, 89, 91, 92, 93, 96, 

99, 100, 143, 169, Pis. XXX, XXXIII 
No mai t'un, variety of lychee, 143. 
No mi ts'z, variety of lychee. See No 

mai t'sz. 



184 



THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



No mi tw'an. See No mai t'u». 

No no chih, variety of lychee, 143. 

Nooten, Madam B. H., cited, 43. 

North river, 45. 

Nurseries, 10, 52, 53, 60, 65, 66, 167, PI. 

XVIII, 169, PI. XXVIII. 
Nursery beds, 65, 168, PI. XXVII. 
Nurserymen, Chinese, 2, 65, 66, 87, 167, 

Pis. XVIII, XIX. 
Nursery stock, sale by weight, 65, 66. 
Nursery village, 52. 
Nut, Chinese, 5; lychee, 5, 32. 

Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Intro- 
duction, 112, 151. 
Officials, Chinese, 7. 
Oliver, G. W., quoted, 67. 
Oranges, 48, 59. 

Orchards, lychee, 48, 49, 58; lungan, 58. 
Origin of name, lychee, 13; lungan, 15. 
Ornamentals, lychee, 6, 66. 
Osbeck, Peter, quoted, 27; cited, 172. 

Pai la It chihy variety of lychee, 98, loi, 

143- 
Pai Ian, Canarium, 50. 
Painting, lychee, 164, PI. I. 
Pak lam, Canarium, 50. 
Pak lap lai chi, variety of lychee, 98, 

loi, 143. 
Pak lik tsz, variety of lychee, 143. 
Pak Shan, lychee region, 49, 170, Pis. 

XXXV, XXXVIII. 
Panama, 6, 113. 

P'an T'ang, region near Canton, 47. 
Pan Yu, district in Kwangtung, 91, 93, 

95, 96, 170, Pis. XXXV, XXXVIII, 

XLI. 
Pearl river, 45, 165, Pis. VIII, IX; 

delta, 58. 
Peaty type soil, most promising for 

lychee, 152. 
Pei hu lu, cited, 19. 
Pei Shan, lychee region. See Pak Shan. 

PI. XXXV. 
Pei Wen Chai, cited, 16. 
P'ei Wen Yun Fu, cited, 162. 
Pennsylvania State College Horti- 
cultural Mission, i. 
Pentatomidce, 82, 83, 169, PI. XXXI. 
Pen Tsao Kang Mu, cited, 18, 104. 
Pen Ts'ao Tu Ching, cited, 87. 
Perak, 69. 



Pharmaceutical Review, cited, 30, 31. 

Philippines, 6, 11. 

Philippine wild lychee, 69. 

Phoenix gem, variety of lychee, 143. 

Picking, 62, 165, PI. XI. 

Pine cone, variety of lychee, 160, 162. 

P'ing Chau, lungan region, 104, no. 

P'ing Chou, lungan region, 104, no. 

Plantations, dyked, 58. 

Plant Immigrants, cited, 171. 

Planting distance, 58, 59; methods, 60; 

time of, 60. 
Plum, 49, 58, 165, PI. X. 
Plum Blossom Club, 161. 
Poems, 19. 

Poets, Chinese, 7, 16, 19, 116. 
Pok chih, Chinese term for air-layering, 

10, 64, 67. 
Po le tzu, variety of lychee, 143. 
Pond embankment, variety of lychee, 

96, 144. 
Popenoe, F. W., cited, 31. 
Porto Rico, 72, III, 113. 
Po toi, variety of lychee, 99, 143. 
Potted lychee, 66, 169, PI. XXIX. 
Preparation of cuttings, 158. 
Preservation of lychee, 5, 75, 117. 
President of a Board embraces, variety 

of lychee, 96, 143. 
Prices, dried fruit, 79; fresh fruit, 72, 

73; wholesale, 72, 73. 
Problems in introduction, 113, 114, 

Pronunciation, lychee, 13, 14; lungan, 

15- 
Propagation, 9-1 1, 49, 50, 53, 64, 91, 
106, 116, 117, 168, PI. XXVII. 

budding, 10, 68. 

Chinese air-layering, pok chih, 64, 67. 

grafting — tsieh chih, 68, 106, 171. 

inarching — ai chih, 67, 106. 

seedling method, 64, 106. 
Propagating-case, lychee, 158. 
Protection from cold, 57, 60-64, 114, 

156, 166, PI. XV; from insects, 60, 

61, 64; from sun scald, 62, 63; from 

thieves, 60. 
Pruning, 62. 
Pseudonephelium fumatum (Bl.) Radlk., 

34,69. . ^ , 
Psidium Guajava L., 156. 
Public fruit park. Canton, 47, 48. 
Pulassan, 6, 33, 35, 43, 103. 



INDEX 



185 



Pulp, lungan, 78. 

Pummelo, 48. 

P'un T'ong, region near Canton, 47. 

P'un U, district in Kwangtung, 47, 48, 

49, 65, 170, Pis. XXXV, XXXVIII, 

XLI. 
Pujai, variety of lychee, 99, 143. 
P'ut'ien, Fukien province, 160. 
P'ut'ien Hsien, Fukien, 153. 
Putnam, Herbert, acknowledgment, 3. 

Quarterly Journal of Science, quoted, 
III. 

Radlkofer, Ludwig, cited, ;^2y 34> A'^'i 

quoted, 164. 
Rainfall, 55, 56. 
Raised bed culture, 59, 117. 
Raised bed plantations, 59, 168, Pis. 

XXIV, XXVI. 
Rambutan, 6, 2,3, 35> 43. io3- 
Rambutan group, 35, 43. 
Range of lychee and lungan, 54. 
Read, B. E., cited, 76, 80, 81; quoted, 

77, 80, 81. 
Reasoner Brothers, importers, 8, 112, 

113; quoted, 57. 
Reasoner, E. N., quoted, 1 15. 
Recipes, 75. 

Reinking, O. A., quoted, 84, 86. 
Republic of China, 51,92. 
Resistance to drought, 11, 69. 
Restaurants, Canton, 75. 
Rhinoceros horn, variety of lychee, 94, 

95, 143, 167, PI. XIX, 169, PI. 

XXXIV. 
Rice cinnamon, variety of lychee, 143. 
Rice, culture with lychee, 45, 52. 
River-bed soil, 60. 
Rooting lychee cuttings, 157, 158. 
Rose-scented lychee, Indian variety, 1 02. 
Round rump, variety of lychee, 144. 
Roxburgh, William, cited, 1 1 1 ; quoted, 8. 
Royal Horticultural Society, 28, 29. 
Royal Palm Nurseries, Florida growers, 

113- 
Royal red, variety of lychee, 143, 170, 

PI. XXXVIII. 
Rushes in the pond, variety of lychee, 

143- 

Sagittaria, culture with the lychee, 45, 
i65,Pl. VIII, i68,Pl.XXV. 



Saharanpur, climate of, 56. 

Sai kok tsz, variety of lychee, 53, 94, 95, 

143, 167, PI. XIX, 169, PL XXXIV. 
Sai Kwan, western suburb of Canton, 

47- . 
Saissetia hemispheric a, 85. 
Salting, 75. 

Salt water, ill effects of, 82. 
Sam ut hung, variety of lychee, 79, 96, 

98, 99, 143, 165, PI. VI, 170, PI. 

XXXVII. 
San Hing, lychee region, 93, 94, 169, PI. 

XXX. 
San T'ong, city, 52, $2>y ^67, PI. XVII. 
Sanyueh hung, variety of lychee, 79, 96, 

98, 99, 143, ^(>Sy PI. VI, 170, PI. 

XXXVII. 

Sapindacece, 6, 32, ^3, 69, 104. 
Sapindaceous fruits, botany of, 32-43. 
Sapindus, 32. 

acuminatus, Raf., 32. 

mukorosii, Gaertn., 32. 
Scale insects, 85. 
Scarabeidce, 83. 

Seeds and seedlings, 10, 64, 67, 157. 
Seeds, lychee, 91, loi; lungan, 108, 

109; shipment of, 64, 114; viability 

of, 64, 1 14. 
Semmedo, Alvaro, quoted, 23, 24. 
Seventh month ripe, variety of lychee, 

144. ^ 

Sha Ch'ung, village, 98 

Shan chi, variety of lychee, 10, 50, 64, 

67, 68, 79, 98, 99, 143, 170, Pi. 

XXXVII. 
Shan chih. See Shan chi. 
Shang shou huai, variety of lychee, 96, 

loi, 143. 
Shang Yung, lychee region, 49, 93, 
Shap ip lung ngan, variety name, 73, 

109, no, 145. 
Sha t'ang li chih, variety name, 143. 
Sha t'ong lai chi, variety name, 143. 
Sha Yung, village, 98. 
Shek hap lung ngan, variety name, 106, 

109,110,145. 
Shek T'an, station, 51. 
Shek Wai T'ong, lungan region, 104, 

no, 170, PI. XLI. 
She p'i lung ngan, variety name, 106, 

109, no, 145, 170, PI. XLI. 
She p'i lung yen. See She p'i lung ngan. 
Sheung Ch'ung, lychee region, 49, 93. 



186 



THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



Sheung shu wai, variety of lychee, 96, 

101, 143. 
Shih Ch'ung, man famous for great 

wealth, 161. 
S/ii/i hsia lung yen, variety of lungan, 

106, 109, no, 145. 
Shih, persimmon, 50. 
Shih Wei T'ang, lungan region, 104, 

no, 170, PI. XLI. 
Shih yeh lung yen, variety of lungan, 73, 

no, 145. 
Shik T'an, station, 51. 
Shipping seeds, 64, 114. 
Shu I Chi, cited, 161. 
Shui ching ch'iu, variety of lychee, 91, 

144. 
Shuifau tsz, variety of lychee, 144. 
Shuijou tsu, variety of lychee, 144. 
Shui Sai Ts'un, village, 50, 
Shui Si Ts'un, village, 50. 
Shui tsing k'au, variety of lychee, 91, 

144. 
Shui Wai, locality, 56. 
Shun Tak, district in Kwangtung, 95. 
Shun Te. See Shun Tak. 
Siam, II. 

Si Kuan, western suburb of Canton, 47. 
Singapore, 52. 
Sin Hsing, lychee region, 93, 94, 169, 

PI XXX 
Sin T'ang, city, 167, PI. XVII. 
Siu i k'un, variety of lychee, 144. 
Six months leopard, variety of lungan, 

145. 
Size of tree, lychee, 66. 
Slave, lychee, the lungan, 160 
Snake skin lungan, variety name, no, 

145, 170, PI. XLI. 
Soapberry, 32. 
Soft lungan, variety name, 145, 170, 

PI. XXXIX. 
Soil, 59, 60, 65, 89, 99. 

adaptation, 69 

experiments, 151. 

importance of in growing Kua lu, 51. 

preparation, 60, 114. 

variations, n, 69. 
Soil, of peaty type most promising, 152. 
Sonnerat, Pierre, quoted, 27. 
Sour lychee, variety name, 98, 144. 
South China, i, 6, n, 44, 58, 83, 89, 1 16, 

118; climate, 155. 
South China Sea, 45. 



Sparrow egg, variety of lychee, I43. 

Spelling, lychee, 15; lungan, 15. 

Spraying, formulae, 84. 

Staunton, Sir G. L., quoted, 28. 

Stocks, 6, n, 41, 50, 67. 

Stone gorge lungan, variety name, 106, 

109, no, 145. 
Straits Settlements, 43. 
Stuart, G., quoted, 76. 
Stuntz, S. C, acknowledgment, 2. 
Suan chih, variety of lychee, 98, 144. 
Sugar cane, 52. 
Sugar, variety of lychee, 143. 
Sumatra, 6. 

Sun chi, variety of lychee, 98, I44. 
Sung chia hsiang, variety of lychee, 

144- 

Sung Chio, Li Chih P'u, 119; cited, ao, 
56, 66; translated in part, 160-163. 

Sung family fragrance, variety of lychee, 
144. 

Sung ka heung, variety of lychee, 144. 

Sung lei, variety of lychee, 162. 

Sung Yu. See Sung Chio. 

Sun scald, protection, 60. 

Sunwui, district in Kwangtung, 98. 

Superstition, 62. 

Surface texture, lychee, 100, 101 ; lun- 
gan, 108, 109. 

Su Shih, quoted, 19 

Sweet cliff, variety of lychee, 144. 

Swingle, Maude Kellerman (Mrs. Wal- 
ter T.), acknowledgment, 24; prepa- 
ration of references, 160. 

Swingle, Walter T., acknowledgment, 
2> 3> 173; contribution by, 153-156. 

Synonomy, botanical, lychee, 37; lun- 
gan, 40, 41, 171. 

Szchwan, province, 1 1, 39, 44, 87. 

Ta ho pao, variety of lychee, 144. 
Tai ho pan, variety of lychee, 144. 
Tai ngau ku, variety of lychee, 99, I44. 
Tai T'ong, lungan region, 104, 105. 
Tai tso, variety of lychee, 53, 94, 95, 97, 

loi, 144, 167, PI. XIX. 
T'am shai t'seng, variety of lychee, I44. 
T'ang po, variety of lychee, 95, 96, 144. 
Tang Tao Hsieh, cited, 60, 61, 67; Li 

Chih P'u, 1 19. 
T'an Hua, a literary degree, 52. 
Ta niu ku, variety of lychee, 99, 144. 
T'an shih ch'ang, variety of lychee, I44. 



INDEX 



187 



Ta T'ang, lungan region, 104, 105. 
Tat-mo, founder of Buddhism in China, 

93- 
Ta tsao, variety of lychee, 53, 94, 95, 97, 

loi, 144, 167, PI. XIX. 
Taylor, W. S., cited, 3 1 ; Florida grower, 

113- 
Temperature, 54, 55, 64. 
Temperature, high for rooting cuttings, 

157, 158. 
Ten leaves lungan, variety name, no, 

'45; . . . , . 

Terminology in describing fruits, 90. 
Terms, Chinese for describing fruits, 90, 

91. 
Terrace hills, 49, 50, 166, PI. XV. 
Tessaratoma papulosa, insect enemy, 82, 

83, 169, PI. XXXI. 
Texture, lychee, 90. 
Therapeutic activity, 76. 
Thieves, protection, 51. 
Thinning, 62; of fruit and flowers, 105. 
Third month red, variety of lychee, 98, 

143, 165, PI. VI, 170, PI. XXXVII. 
T'ien Pao, T'ang dynasty queen, 87. 
T'ien yeh, variety of lychee, 144. 
Tiger skin, class of lychee, 88. 
Time of fruiting, lychee, 100, loi; 

lungan, 106, 108, 109. 
Time of planting, 60. 
T'im ngam, variety of lychee, 144. 
Ting sz ngau, variety of lychee, 99, 144. 
Ting sz niu, variety of lychee, 99, 144. 
Ting un lung ngan, variety name, 145. 
Ting yuan lung yen, variety name, 145. 
Titoki group, 35. 
Titoki tree, 34. 
Tobacco stems, use of, 82. 
T'ong poky variety of lychee, 95, 96, 144, 
T'o Wa, lychee region, 49, 96. 
Trade, 117. 

Transplanting. See Planting. 
Transportation, 72, 117. 
Travelers, 7. 

Treatises. See Chinese treatises. 
Treatment for cuttings, 158. 
Treatments for Eriophyes, 84, 85. 
Tree borer, lychee, 85. 
Trees, prices of, 66. 
Tribute lychee, 17, 71, 87, 88. 
Tribute lychee, variety name, 144. 
Trigault, Nicolas, cited, 23, 24. 
Trimming, 60. 



Trinidad, 8, 113. 

Ts'ai Hsiang, Li Chih P'u, 2, 11, 120, 
164, Pis. Ill, IV, 171; cited, 16, 17, 
20, 62, 63, 66, 88; quoted, 56, 72, 88, 
115. 

Tsai ma chih, variety of lychee, 1 44. 

Ts'ao Fan, Li Chih P'u, 120. 

Tsao ho, variety of lungan, 106, 1 10, I45. 

Tsao li, variety of lychee, 144. 

Tsang river, 51. 

Tsang Shing, district in Kwangtung, 47, 
SiiS'i) 59>62,92,94, 166, PI. XVI, 169, 
PL XXXIV, 170, Pis. XXXV, 
XXXVII, XXXIX. 

Ts'at ut shuk, variety of lychee, 144. 

Tseng Ch'ing. See Tsang Shing. 

Tseung kwan lai, variety of lychee, 50, 

H4- ^ . . 

Tsieh chih, Chinese term for graftmg, 

10, 68, 106, 171. 
Ts'i Min Yao Shue, 19. 
Ts'ing Ming, 60. 
Ts'ing pi, variety of lychee, 144. 
Tsip chih, Chinese term for grafting, 68. 
Ts'iu yuk lung ngan, variety name, 109, 

145. 
Ts'oi ma chi, variety of lychee, 144. 
Tso lai, variety of lychee, 144. 
Tso wo, variety of lungan, 106, 1 10, 145. 
Ts'ui you lung yen, variety name, 109, 

145. 
T sun Jung lai, variety of lychee, 144. 
Tsz, persimmon, 50. 
Tuan Kung Lu, cited, 19. 
Tubercles, on roots of lychee, 152, 167, 

Pis. XXI, XXII, 168, PI. XXIII. 
Tu Hua, lychee region, 49, 96. 
Tu King Pen Ts'ao, 18. 
Tung Kuan, district in Kwangtung, 47, 

52, 53, 167, Pis. XVII, XVIII, XIX, 

168, Pis. XXIV, XXVII, 169, PI. 

XXVIII. 
Tung Kun. See Tung Kuan. 
T'u Pen Tsun, Li Chih P'u, 172. 
Typhoons, 56. 

United States, 112, 113, 117, 118. 

United States Department of Agricul- 
ture, 10. 

U lam, Canarium, 50. 

Un t'un, variety of lychee, 144. 

U un, variety of lychee, 106, no, 145, 
170, Pis. XL, XLI. 



188 



THE LYCHEE AND LUNGAN 



Upland culture. See Hill type. 
Upland orchards, 59, 1 17, 167, PI. XVII. 

Varieties, 19, 22, 49, 53, 87-102, 107, 

114,. 143, 145, 146-148- 
Varieties, lychee, 87-102. 
Varietiesoflychee, Kwangtung, 143, I44. 
Varieties of lungan, Kwangtung, 145. 
Vegetable hemp plant, variety of lychee, 

.^44-. 
Viability of seeds, 64, 114. 
Village, nursery, 53. 
Volcano, variety of lychee, 162. 

"Waai" — a dyked enclosure, 45. 

fVai chi, variety of lychee, 46, 51, 64, 73, 

79, 89, 92, 96, 97, 98, loi, 144, 165, 

PI. XI, 166, PI. XII, 167, PI. XVII, 

170, PI. XXXVI. 
Waichow, 19. 
Wai river lychee, variety of lychee, 97, 

144, 165, PI. XI, 166, PI. XII, 167, 

PI. XVII, 170, PI. XXXVI. 
Walker, Robert Sparks, quoted, 7. 
Water chestnuts, 45. 
Water culture, 58, 61. 
Water farming, 49. 
Water float, variety of lychee, I44. 
Water-loving plant, lychee, 9, 64, 69, 

88,89,95, 117- 
Water lychee, 9, 88, 89, 95. 
Water type of lychee culture, 48, 49. 
Watt, George, cited, 30. 
Weather, 54, 55; Canton, 54, 55, 142, 

153, '55; Florida compared with 

South China, 153, 155. 
West Indian lime, 156. 
West Indies, 6, 1 1 1, 117, 1 18. 
Western Hemisphere, 32. 
West river, 45. 
White fragrant plant, variety of lychee, 

143. 
White wax lychee, variety of lychee, 98, 

143- 
Wholesale prices, 72, 73. ' 

Wild mountain lychee, variety of lychee, 

?9> 144- 
Williams, Mrs. Rose S., translation, 19. 



Winds, effect of, 55, 58, 82. 

Wine, lychee, 75, 91, 160. 

Winter dormancy, lychee, 153, 155. 

Wong ch'ung, insect enemy, 83. 

Wong Tsun Kang, acknowledgement, 

55- 
Writers, Chinese, 7, 22, 82, 87, 116, 117. 
Writing of characters, lychee, 13, 14. 
Wu, region in Kiangsu Province, 161, 
Wu Ch'i Hsun, cited, 21. 
fVu Ian. See U lam. 
Wu, Mien, assistance acknowledged, 

160. 
Wu Tsao Ao, Chi Li Chih, 75, 172; 

cited, 75. 
Wu Ti, 16, 17. 
Wu Tsai Ao, cited, 75, 171. 
Wu Ying K'uei, Ling Nan Li Chih Pu', 

120; cited, 13, 17, 87, 88, 106, 107, 

171; list of Kwangtung varieties, 

146-148; quoted, 2, 11. 
JVu yuan, variety of lungan, 106, no, 

145, 170, Pis. XL, XLI. 

Ya niang hsieh, variety of lychee, 50, 

99, 143- 
Yau ngan, variety of lungan, 145, 170, 

PI. XXXIX. 
Yau yen, variety of lungan, 145, 170, 

Pi. XXXIX. 
Ye shan chi, variety of lychee, 99, 144. 
Yeh shan chih, variety of lychee, 99, 144. 
Yield, lychee, 166, PI. XIV. 
Yield, lungan, 106. 
Yik chi, synonym for lungan, 104. 
Yuan Kiang, 21. 

Yuan t'un, variety of lychee, I44. 
Yiieh, region in Chekiang Province, 161. 
Yu Lo Nung, 21. 

Yu ho pao, variety of lychee, 99, 144. 
Yuk ho pau, variety of lychee, 99, 144. 
Yunnan, 21, 44. 
Yu ping, variety of lychee, 144. 
Yuk ping, variety of lychee, 144. 
Yun-chien, now Huat'ing in Kiangsu, 

161. 

Zanonii, Giacomo, cited, 25. 



